Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Forty-one dogs with a variety of histopathologically diagnosed, measurable tumors were treated with cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, Platinol, Bristol Laboratories, Syracuse, NY 13221-4755) as a single agent at a dosage of 60 mg/m2 given intravenously at 3-week intervals. In an attempt to avoid renal toxicity of cisplatin, saline diuresis was induced and maintained for 4 hours before and 2 hours following cisplatin administration. The dogs received one to ten doses of cisplatin. To determine response to therapy and to monitor toxicity of the drug, the dogs were evaluated with physical examinations including tumor measurements, radiography, complete blood counts, platelet counts, urinalyses, serum urea nitrogen concentrations, and serum creatinine concentrations. An overall response rate of 19% was observed. Complete remission occurred in one of 11 dogs with squamous cell carcinomas and one of one dog with a mediastinal undifferentiated carcinoma. Partial remissions were documented in one of 11 dogs with squamous cell carcinomas, two of three dogs with metastatic osteosarcomas, one of three dogs with nasal adenocarcinomas, and one of one dog with a thyroid adenocarcinoma. Toxic side effects were primarily gastrointestinal in nature, with vomiting occurring 1-6 hours after cisplatin administration in 27 of 41 dogs. Severe anorexia occurred in three dogs, and hemorrhagic diarrhea was observed in one dog. One dog developed grand mal seizures and died 3 hours following therapy. Granulocytopenia was documented in six dogs, and thrombocytopenia was observed in four dogs. One dog showed an increase in serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations, but this patient had known pre-existing renal disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cisplatin therapy in 41 dogs with malignant tumors. 322 54

A toxicology study of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP), aqua(1,1-bis-(aminomethyl)cyclohexane)sulfatoplatinum(II) (TNO-6), diammine(1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato)platinum(II) (CBDCA), cis-dichloro-trans-dihydroxo-cis-bis(isopropylamine)platinum-(IV) (CHIP) and ethylenediaminemalonatoplatinum(II) (JM-40) was carried out in dogs. The main purpose of the study was to compare the results with those obtained earlier in mice and rats and with the toxicology data in humans. Each platinum compound was tested in three dogs. Each dog received three intravenous bolus injections at intervals of 3 weeks. The compounds were administered in dosages of 1.2, 1.0, 12, 10 (or 6) and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Toxic death occurred for two dogs (both on day 54) from haematotoxicity (10 mg/kg CHIP) and renal toxicity (TNO-6), respectively. Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were variable after TNO-6 and remained within normal values after treatment with the other compounds. Severe proteinuria was observed in all three dogs treated with TNO-6. Values returned to normal within 16 days. JM-40 did not cause significant proteinuria. CDDP, CBDCA and CHIP caused short-lasting and slight proteinuria. CHIP caused a severe reduction in the number of leukocytes and platelets, while the other drugs caused acceptable reductions. Except after the high dose CHIP regimen, haematotoxicity was of a transient nature. Vomiting in order of severity occurred after TNO-6, CHIP, CDDP and JM-40, while CBDCA did not cause any vomiting. The dogs were sacrificed 6 weeks after the last drug dose. Organs were fixed for histopathology to complete and support clinical-toxicological parameters. On the basis of the results from the single-dose study in dogs and those obtained earlier in mice and rats it can be concluded that the gain from the use of the dog as a prognosticator for organ toxicity in man was disappointing and limited to the prediction of vomiting.
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PMID:Preclinical toxicology of platinum analogues in dogs. 330 82

Ciprofloxacin is a new quinolone antimicrobial agent with activity against a broad spectrum of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci. The efficacy and safety results of 80 clinical studies of the oral form of ciprofloxacin are reported. Drug safety was assessed in 2236 courses in 2203 adult patients treated primarily in the United States. Data from 1676 courses were suitable for analysis of drug efficacy. The unit dose for most patients ranged from 250 mg to 750 mg (median, 500 mg), usually given every 12 hours. The duration of treatment ranged from 3 to 231 days (median, 10 days). Predominant among 1722 infections were those of the urinary tract (43%), skin structures (29%), and respiratory tract (19%); the remainder were bone and joint infections (5%), bacteremias (2%), and intra-abdominal (1%), gastrointestinal (1%), and pelvic infections (less than 1%). Signs and symptoms of infection resolved in 79% of all cases; a further 15% improved, and 5% failed to improve. Pathogens were eradicated in 89% of urinary tract infections and persisted in 5%; 80% of patients still had sterile urine at the 3-to 6-week follow-up. In 81% of nonurinary tract infections, pathogens were eradicated; they persisted in 11%, and superinfection occurred in less than 5%. After treatment, 89% of the 2253 causative organisms were eradicated and 2% were reduced to clinically insignificant counts; 8% persisted. Of 411 isolates of P. aeruginosa, 77% were eradicated, as were 97% of 421 Escherichia coli and 80% of 248 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Also eradicated were 95% of 166 Klebsiella, 96% of 139 Proteus mirabilis, 100% of 20 other Proteus, 94% of 123 Enterobacter, 100% of 68 Haemophilus influenzae, 96% of 49 Citrobacter, 89% of 45 Serratia, 95% of 41 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 91% of 43 Salmonella, 100% of 38 Morganella morganii, and 100% of 35 Providencia isolates. Adverse reactions were judged probably or possibly drug-related in 14.8% of courses; drug treatment had to be stopped prematurely in 3.5%. The most frequent reactions were gastrointestinal complaints (chiefly nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting), metabolic disorders (elevated SGOT, SGPT, serum creatinine, or blood urea nitrogen), and nervous system effects (dizziness, light-headedness, restlessness, tremor, and headache). Crystalluria, judged to be related to ciprofloxacin, occurred in two patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:A survey of clinical experience with ciprofloxacin, a new quinolone antimicrobial. 336 Sep 68

Auditory dehydration testing with oral hyperosmolar substances is commonly used in the evaluation of patients with suspected endolymphatic hydrops. Endolymphatic hydrops is assumed to be temporarily reduced in some cases, resulting in an improvement in hearing. Unfortunately, ingestion of glycerol, the most frequently used oral agent, often causes severe headache, vomiting, or both. Urea has recently been used as an alternative. A study of patients with Meniere's disease was designed to compare the effectiveness of glycerol versus urea in inducing a temporary improvement in hearing thresholds. Three hundred patients received either glycerol or urea. Fifty-seven percent of the glycerol patients had positive hearing results compared with 77% of the urea patients. Temporary hearing improvements following urea ingestion may not be caused by a rise in serum osmolality alone, since this occurs with glycerol but not with urea.
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PMID:Auditory dehydration testing: glycerol versus urea. 371 11

The pathology of malignant hypertension in dogs induced either purposely or inadvertently by the Goldblatt procedure has not been previously reported. Malignant hypertension was experimentally produced in beagle dogs by a modified Goldblatt procedure; in a single surgical procedure, one kidney was removed and the blood flow to the remaining kidney was reduced by 50%. A sudden onset of severe clinical signs developed within one to three weeks after surgery. The dogs were markedly depressed or in shock, were vomiting, and had either bloody feces or bloody diarrhea. Hematologic changes compatible with a diagnosis of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia consisted of hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and the presence of burr cells and schistocytes. Some dogs had neutrophilia and slight to moderate increases in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. At necropsy, there were gross hemorrhages in the heart, brain, urinary bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. Histologic findings consisted of multifocal parenchymal hemorrhage, fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles, medial smooth muscle hyperplasia, adventitial fibroplasia and mononuclear cell infiltrates, and microthrombi. The vascular clamp most likely protected the kidney from the systemic hypertension since the remaining kidney was largely not remarkable by light or electron microscopy. The dog appears to be a good model to study the pathology of malignant hypertension and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.
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PMID:Experimentally induced malignant hypertension in beagle dogs. 376 16

Seventy nine cases of sporadic, community acquired legionnaires' disease have been reviewed. Annual and seasonal variation in incidence was noted. The mean age of the patients was 53 years and 50 (63%) were male. Pre-existing chronic diseases were present in only 23 (29%), including two patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment. Common symptoms included unproductive cough, dyspnoea, chest pain, headache, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Respiratory symptoms were absent, however, in 17 (22%). Localising chest signs were present in 74 (95%) cases. Frequent laboratory findings included lymphopenia, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hyponatraemia, raised urea and creatinine concentrations, abnormal liver function, hypophosphataemia, hypoalbuminaemia, proteinuria, and haematuria. Thirteen patients died (16%), including nine of 20 who received assisted ventilation. The mortality rate in patients treated with erythromycin (11%) was lower than in those who received other antibiotics (23%), but this difference was not statistically significant. Of the features noted on admission, only a high plasma urea concentration was significantly associated with death. Sporadic community acquired legionnaires' disease is a not uncommon disorder, which with appropriate treatment has a prognosis similar to that of other forms of community acquired pneumonia.
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PMID:Legionnaires' disease: a review of 79 community acquired cases in Nottingham. 378 45

Plasma ultrafiltrate obtained by glomerular filtration undergoes tubular modification which leads to the elimination of toxic substances, excess water and electrolytes, and consequently maintains homeostasis. Using normal urine and the substances it contains as a reference, we have developed a wearable device capable of replacing both the renal excretion function and maintaining fluid and electrolyte equilibrium in uremics within acceptable biological limits. Our device includes a hemofilter allowing continuous plasma ultrafiltration and sorbents obtained from a Redy sorbent cartridge to treat 85% of the ultrafiltrate, whereas 15% of this UF is rejected untreated. After calculating the quantity of ultrafiltrate (about 13 l) containing an amount of waste products of metabolism equivalent to 24-h urine elimination, we determined in vitro the amount of sorbent required to eliminate these waste products from the ultrafiltrate (e.g., 20 g of urea/day) and we have evaluated the quantities of other substances which must be replaced using a tailored diet. This extra-corporeal detoxification process was used in a uremic patient who had been on traditional hemodialysis for the past two years. The continuous treatment permitted maintenance of fluid and electrolyte equilibrium at the desired level and allowed rapid improvement of patient clinical status: elimination uf nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and edema, which had previously reappeared during the interdialytic periods, as well as a rapid decrease in heart size as ascites disappeared. In addition, the patient regained sexual drive and the ability to have an erection. In conclusion, traditional hemodialysis and hemofiltration techniques allow intermittent elimination of products retained by the body and reestablish nearly normal fluid and electrolyte balance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A continuous hemofiltration system using sorbents for hemofiltrate regeneration. 382 69

The safety and efficacy of captopril therapy in children with severe and refractory hypertension has been evaluated in a collaborative international study which enrolled a group of 73 patients, 15 years of age or younger. Most patients had hypertension associated with renal disease or vascular abnormalities. Captopril was administered for periods of less than 3 months to more than 1 year. A significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures was produced by the administration of captopril, usually in conjunction with other antihypertensive agents (most commonly diuretics and/or beta-blockers). Systolic blood pressures were normalized in 62% and 53% and diastolic blood pressures in 56% and 45% of reported patients after the second and sixth months of captopril therapy, respectively. The response to captopril was sustained over a 12-month period. Adverse reactions were reported in 49% of the 73 patients; 48% of patients had experienced adverse reactions to other antihypertensive agents prior to entering the study. The reactions most frequently observed during captopril therapy were hypotension, vomiting, postural symptoms, anemia, rash, and anorexia. Leukopenia was reported in six patients, all of whom had renal impairment. Two of these patients had received concomitant therapy with immunosuppressants, and one had systemic lupus erythematosus. Captopril was discontinued in two of these six children. Statistically significant increases in mean serum urea nitrogen and potassium concentrations and decreases in mean serum CO2 levels were observed during the course of therapy. These effects could not be exclusively attributed to captopril administration as the study population received multidrug therapy and had significant intrinsic disease. Captopril was demonstrated to be an effective and safe drug for the treatment of children with severe hypertension.
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PMID:Efficacy and safety of captopril in the treatment of severe childhood hypertension: report of the International Collaborative Study Group. 388 18

Experiments were conducted with growing English Pointer puppies to examine the effects of ingesting excess lysine. A purified crystalline amino acid basal diet containing 0.40% L-arginine (the arginine requirement for maximal weight gain) and 0.91% L-lysine was fed in all assays. All diets were kept isonitrogenous by the addition of diammonium citrate, and lysine was supplied as L-lysine acetate. Both weight gain and gain/feed were reduced in the presence of 4% excess dietary lysine. However, 1 and 2% excess supplemental lysine had no effect on performance. In a second experiment, a growth response to supplemental arginine was obtained in the presence, but not in the absence, of a growth-depressing level of lysine (4%). Therefore, lysine appeared to depress growth by antagonizing arginine. The mechanism of the lysine-arginine antagonism was examined in a third experiment. Classic signs of arginine deficiency: orotic aciduria, depressed urea formation, hyperammonemia, a reduction in weight gain, and emesis were observed in puppies consuming excess lysine but not in their pair-fed controls. Excess lysine ingestion neither inhibited nor induced liver arginase, but it did result in a generalized amino aciduria early in the experiment. In addition, lysine did not appear to affect arginine absorption. Therefore, the mechanism behind the lysine-arginine antagonism in the dog remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Antagonism of arginine by excess dietary lysine in the growing dog. 392 64

We reviewed the natural history and differential diagnosis of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (an X-linked inborn error of urea synthesis) in 13 symptomatic female heterozygotes. The patients presented as early as the first week of life or as late as the sixth year. The most common symptoms before diagnosis were nonspecific: episodic extreme irritability (100 percent), episodic vomiting and lethargy (100 percent), protein avoidance (92 percent), ataxia (77 percent), Stage II coma (46 percent), delayed physical growth (38 percent), developmental delay (38 percent), and seizures (23 percent). Including the proband, 42 percent of the female members of the 13 families studied had symptoms. The median interval between the onset of major symptoms (vomiting and lethargy, seizures, and coma) and diagnosis was 16 months (range, 1 to 142). Five patients had IQ scores below 70 at the time of diagnosis. We suggest that careful evaluation of the family history, the dietary history, the episodic nature of the nonspecific symptoms, the response of these symptoms to the withdrawal of protein, and their frequent onset at the time of weaning from breast milk will permit early diagnosis and might thereby reduce the risk of death or neurologic impairment in female patients with partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
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PMID:Natural history of symptomatic partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. 394 92


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