Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The minimum emetic dose of deoxynivalenol to swine weighing 9 to 10 kg was 0.05 mg/kg of body weight intraperitoneally and 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg orally. There was no emesis by undosed pigs consuming vomitus from pigs orally dosed with deoxynivalenol or penned with such pigs without access to vomitus. Analysis by gas-liquid chromatography of a sample of Gibberella zeae-infected corn containing about 25% visually damaged kernels indicated 12 ppm of deoxynivalenol. Deoxynivalenol added to feed reduced feed consumption of 20- to 45-kg pigs, ranging from a 20% decrease with 3.6 ppm to 90% reduction with 40 ppm. Loss in weight was associated with feed refusal. Feed refusal, however, was much greater for naturally infected corn samples than for feeds with equal concentrations of the pure compound added, indicating the involvement of an additional factor(s) in the swine refusal response.
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PMID:Emetic and refusal activity of deoxynivalenol to swine. 93 76

During the harvesting of the 1980 Ontario white winter wheat crop, producers noticed pink discoloration on kernels; this was attributed to Fusarium mold. Grain elevator and boatload samples were analyzed for mycotoxin contamination. Vomitoxin levels up to 8 ppm were detected in samples from southwestern Ontario. Other suspected mycotoxins were either nondetectable or present in trace amounts. Fusarium-contaminated wheat and clean wheat were added to swine and poultry diets for feeding trials. Feed refusal and decreased weight gains were observed in pigs fed diets containing 0.3 and 0.7 ppm vomitoxin, but there was no vomiting or other ill effects. Adult roosters and laying hens fed diets containing vomitoxin levels similar to those of the pig diets did not show any overt toxicological effects. Chemical analysis of suspected field cases of vomitoxin-contaminated feed did not reveal high vomitoxin levels.
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PMID:Survey of vomitoxin contamination of 1980 Ontario white winter wheat crop: results of survey and feeding trials. 682 15

Deoxynivalenol (DON) produces two characteristic toxicological effects, decreased feed consumption (anorexia) and emesis. Both effects have been linked to increased central (CNS) serotoninergic activity. Although there has also been some indication of a peripheral involvement, the role of blood pools of serotonin and related compounds in mediating DON toxicity is not well defined. In this study, the effect of DON on plasma concentrations of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT), 5HIAA (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) and tryptophan (TRP), as a reflection of an induced peripheral serotoninergic system, was investigated in swine. Typical values for the plasma concentrations of 5HT, 5HIAA, and TRP were established in pigs. Following administration of DON, either intragastrically or intravenously, concentration changes in these substances were measured over an eight hour period. The effect of low and high toxin doses were also compared. Analyses showed no effect on plasma levels of the compounds of interest, even at sufficient toxin doses to invoke emesis in the test animals. Any variation over the course of the study remained within acceptable control limits. These results indicated no peripheral effect by DON which could account for the increased serotoninergic activity associated with altered feeding behaviour or emesis.
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PMID:The effect of deoxynivalenol on serotoninergic neurotransmitter levels in pig blood. 752 34

Trichothecene mycotoxins are a group of structurally similar fungal metabolites that are capable of producing a wide range of toxic effects. Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), a trichothecene, is prevalent worldwide in crops used for food and feed production, including in Canada and the United States. Although DON is one of the least acutely toxic trichothecenes, it should be treated as an important food safety issue because it is a very common contaminant of grain. This review focuses on the ability of DON to induce toxicologic and immunotoxic effects in a variety of cell systems and animal species. At the cellular level, the main toxic effect is inhibition of protein synthesis via binding to the ribosome. In animals, moderate to low ingestion of toxin can cause a number of as yet poorly defined effects associated with reduced performance and immune function. The main overt effect at low dietary concentrations appears to be a reduction in food consumption (anorexia), while higher doses induce vomiting (emesis). DON is known to alter brain neurochemicals. The serotoninergic system appears to play a role in mediation of the feeding behavior and emetic response. Animals fed low to moderate doses are able to recover from initial weight losses, while higher doses induce more long-term changes in feeding behavior. At low dosages of DON, hematological, clinical, and immunological changes are also transitory and decrease as compensatory/adaptation mechanisms are established. Swine are more sensitive to DON than mice, poultry, and ruminants, in part because of differences in metabolism of DON, with males being more sensitive than females. The capacity of DON to alter normal immune function has been of particular interest. There is extensive evidence that DON can be immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory, depending upon the dose and duration of exposure. While immunosuppression can be explained by the inhibition of translation, immunostimulation can be related to interference with normal regulatory mechanisms. In vivo, DON suppresses normal immune response to pathogens and simultaneously induces autoimmune-like effects which are similar to human immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. Other effects include superinduction of cytokine production by T helper cells (in vitro) and activation of macrophages and T cells to produce a proinflammatory cytokine wave that is analogous to that found in lipopolysaccharide-induced shock (in vivo). To what extent the elevation of cytokines contributes to metabolic effects such as decreased feed intake remains to be established. Although these effects have been largely characterized in the mouse, several investigations with DON suggest that immunotoxic effects are also likely in domestic animals. Further toxicology studies and an assessment of the potential of DON to be an etiologic agent in human disease are warranted.
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PMID:Toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). 863 56

Studies were conducted to determine the dietary amounts of deoxynivalenol (DON; vomitoxin) in dog and cat food that are required to produce overt signs of toxicity (e.g., vomiting or reduced food intake). Wheat naturally contaminated with 37 mg of DON/kg was used to manufacture pet foods containing 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg of DON/kg. Deoxynivalenol concentration in pet food following manufacture was unchanged, indicating that the toxin was stable during conventional extrusion processing. Dogs previously fed DON-contaminated food were able to preferentially select uncontaminated food. Dogs not previously exposed to DON-contaminated food consumed equal quantities of contaminated and uncontaminated food. There was no effect of 6 mg of DON/kg on dog food digestibility. Food intake of dogs was significantly reduced by DON concentrations greater than 4.5 +/- 1.7 mg/kg, and DON greater than 7.7 +/- 1.1 mg/kg reduced cat food intake. Vomiting by dogs and cats was commonly observed at the 8 and 10 mg DON levels.
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PMID:Overt signs of toxicity to dogs and cats of dietary deoxynivalenol. 1022 66

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that commonly contaminates cereal-based foods worldwide. At the molecular level, DON disrupts normal cell function by inhibiting protein synthesis via binding to the ribosome and by activating critical cellular kinases involved in signal transduction related to proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Relative to toxicity, there are marked species differences, with the pig being most sensitive to DON, followed by rodent > dog > cat > poultry > ruminants. The physiologic parameter that is most sensitive to low-level DON exposure is the emetic response, with as little as 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg body weight (bw) inducing vomiting in swine and dogs. Chinese epidemiological studies suggest that DON may also produce emetic effects in humans. With respect to chronic effects, growth (anorexia and decreased nutritional efficiency), immune function, (enhancement and suppression), and reproduction (reduced litter size) are also adversely affected by DON in animals, whereas incidence of neoplasia is not affected. When hazard evaluations were conducted using existing chronic toxicity data and standard safety factors employed for anthropogenic additives/contaminants in foods, tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) ranging from 1 to 5 microg/kg bw have been generated. Given that critical data gaps still exist regarding the potential health effects of DON, additional research is needed to improve capacity for assessing adverse health effects of this mycotoxin. Critical areas for future DON research include molecular mechanisms underlying toxicity, sensitivity of human cells/tissues relative to other species, emetic effects in primates, epidemiological association with gastroenteritis and chronic disease in humans, and surveillance in cereal crops worldwide.
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PMID:Deoxynivalenol: toxicology and potential effects on humans. 1576 54

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by molds of the Fusarium genus, which are able to infect cereal crops in the field. Concerning its rate of occurrence and mean concentration, DON is one of the most important mycotoxins in cereal commodities. Its toxic effects range from causing diarrhea, vomiting, and gastro-intestinal inflammation to noncompetitive inhibition of the biosynthesis of proteins in eukaryotic cells. To study the stability of DON under food-processing conditions such as cooking or baking, we performed model heating experiments and screened the residue for degradation products. Heating of DON and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), especially under alkaline conditions, gave a mixture of compounds, which were isolated and structurally elucidated by NMR and MS experiments. Three of these compounds were already known (norDON A, norDON B, and norDON C), while four were new and named 9-hydroxymethyl DON lactone, norDON D, norDON E, and norDON F. The significance of the DON degradation products was checked by analyzing commercially available food samples. norDON A, B, and C were detected in 29-66% of the samples in mean concentrations ranging from 3 to 15 microg/kg. Furthermore, cell culture experiments using IHKE cells showed that the compounds that were detected in food samples are less cytotoxic in the formazan dye cytotoxicity assay compared to DON. Whereas DON revealed a median effective concentration (EC50) at 1.1 micromol/L, all other compounds did not show any significant effect up to 100 micromol/L. These findings indicate that the degradation of DON under thermal treatment might reduce the toxicity of DON contaminated food.
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PMID:Thermal degradation of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. 1691 Jul 43

Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites responsible of food-mediated intoxication in animals and humans. Deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A and patulin are the best known enteropathogenic mycotoxins able to alter intestinal functions resulting in malnutrition, diarrhea, vomiting and intestinal inflammation in vivo. Although their effects on intestinal barrier and transport activities have been extensively characterized, the mechanisms responsible for their pro-inflammatory effect are still poorly understood. Here we investigated if mycotoxin-induced intestinal inflammation results from a direct and/or indirect pro-inflammatory activity of these mycotoxins on human intestinal epithelial cells, using differentiated Caco-2 cells as model and interleukin 8 (IL-8) as an indicator of intestinal inflammation. Deoxynivalenol was the only mycotoxin able to directly increase IL-8 secretion (10- to 15-fold increase). We also investigated if these mycotoxins could indirectly stimulate IL-8 secretion through: (i) a modulation of the action of pro-inflammatory molecules such as the interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and/or (ii) an increase in the transepithelial passage of non-invasive commensal Escherichia coli. We found that deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A and patulin all potentiated the effect of IL-1beta on IL-8 secretion (ranging from 35% to 138% increase) and increased the transepithelial passage of commensal bacteria (ranging from 12- to 1544-fold increase). In addition to potentially exacerbate established intestinal inflammation, these mycotoxins may thus participate in the induction of sepsis and intestinal inflammation in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that the pro-inflammatory activity of enteropathogenic mycotoxins is mediated by both direct and indirect effects.
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PMID:Both direct and indirect effects account for the pro-inflammatory activity of enteropathogenic mycotoxins on the human intestinal epithelium: stimulation of interleukin-8 secretion, potentiation of interleukin-1beta effect and increase in the transepithelial passage of commensal bacteria. 1830 54

Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) is a natural-occuring mycotoxin mainly produced by Fusarium graminearum, a food-borne fungi widely distributed in crops and it is one of the most important mycotoxins in wheat and wheat-based foods and feeds. DON affects animal and human health causing diarrhea, vomiting, gastro-intestinal inflammation, and immunomodulation. Since the rate of the occurrence of DON in wheat is high, effective procedures to remove or eliminate DON from food products is essential to minimize exposures in those who consume large amounts of wheat. Cleaning prior to milling reduced to some extent the concentration of DON in final products. Since DON is distributed throughout the kernels, with higher content in the outer skin, milling is also effective in reducing the DON levels of wheat-based foods if bran and shorts are removed before thermal cooking. DON is water-soluble and cooking with larger amounts of water lowers DON content in products such as spaghetti and noodles. During baking or heating, DON is partially degraded to DON-related chemicals, whose toxicological effects are not studied well. This paper reviews the researches on the effects of milling and cooking on the DON level and discusses the perspectives of further studies.
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PMID:Effects of milling and cooking processes on the deoxynivalenol content in wheat. 1933 63

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of several mycotoxins produced by certain Fusarium species that frequently infect corn, wheat, oats, barley, rice, and other grains in the field or during storage. The exposure risk to human is directly through foods of plant origin (cereal grains) or indirectly through foods of animal origin (kidney, liver, milk, eggs). It has been detected in buckwheat, popcorn, sorgum, triticale, and other food products including flour, bread, breakfast cereals, noodles, infant foods, pancakes, malt and beer. DON affects animal and human health causing acute temporary nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, and fever. This review briefly summarizes toxicities of this mycotoxin as well as effects on reproduction and their antagonistic and synergic actions.
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PMID:Deoxynivalenol and its toxicity. 2121 81


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