Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pharmacological properties of MCNU, methyl 6-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, were investigated in laboratory animals. MCNU had no effects on the central nervous, respiratory or the cardiovascular systems, but dilation of isolated auricular vessel was seen. No local anesthetic activity was demonstrated. Treatment with MCNU had practically no influence on the contraction of the isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm, ileum, vas deferens or uterus. Furthermore, no effects on the passage of charcoal meal, size of the pupil and the contraction of nictitating membrane were observed. MCNU caused a reduction of leucocyte counts, suppression of immune responses, local irritation, suppression of blood coagulating activity and slight inhibition of gastric secretion. No definite effects were observed on blood glucose level or renal and liver functions. MCNU had no antiinflammatory and diuretic activities and did not cause hemolysis. Vomiting and diarrhea were observed by the administration of MCNU. In conclusion, the major pharmacological effects of MCNU are reduction of leukocyte counts, local irritation and immuno-suppression. The reduction of leukocyte counts induced by MCNU was more significant than that by chlorozotocin, but less than that by CCNU. Other effects may be considered somewhat weak or almost the same extent compared with these agents.
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PMID:[Pharmacological studies on MCNU: a new antitumor agent]. 322

A controlled randomized trial of WHO standard oral rehydration solution containing 50 g rice powder instead of 20 g/l glucose was conducted in 48 male children aged 3 months to 3 years. Both solutions contained 90 mM Na+, 20 mM K+, 80 mM C1- and 30 mm HC03-. Rice powder solution was prepared by boiling 50 g dry rice powder in several hundred m1 water, cooling, dissolving electrolytes, and adding water to 1 L. Children with dehydration clinically estimated at 10% body weight were initially treated with Ringers lactate iv until blood pressure and pulse normalized, then joined the rehydration study. Weight, fluid intake, urine output by condom drainage and gastrointestinal losses by weight of linen were recorded every 4 hours. 23 children in each group were successfully rehydrated determined clinically; 1 in each group required iv fluids for persistent vomiting. Patients on rice powder had a lower purge rate and fluid intake, and a significant decrease in stool frequency during the 1st 24 hours, mean 14.1 vs. 20 5. Rice contains 7-10% protein, is rich in glycine, lysine, leucine and isoleucine, and is 80% hydrolyzed to glucose. Futhermore, it is readily available and has been used traditionally in Indian homes.
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PMID:Rice powder oral rehydration solution as an alternative to glucose electrolyte solution. 329 74

We report a controlled clinical trial of rice powder-based oral rehydration solution (ORS) versus glucose ORS on the outcome of acute diarrhea in infants. The rice ORS group (n = 30) received ORS containing 50 g rice powder instead of standard WHO solution (20 g glucose, n = 30). Formula-fed male infants were enrolled to enable calculation of milk intake and excretion of urine. Patient allocation to either group depended on the method of random permuted blocks. Both groups were comparable regarding age (4-18 months), duration of diarrhea, number of bowel movements or vomiting per 24 h, rectal temperature, dehydration score, and nutritional status. Results revealed that the rice ORS group had a shorter duration of diarrhea (28.4 +/- 5.1 vs 34.3 +/- 2.3 h) and greater mean weight gain in the first 24 h as percentage of recovery weight (5.7 +/- 0.5% vs 4.1 +/- 0.6%). Furthermore, the mean amount of ORS intake, mean stool output, and mean number of episodes of vomiting were lower in the rice-ORS group as compared with the glucose ORS group. All differences were statistically significant. Due to its observed superiority and low cost, the widespread use of rice ORS should be considered for treatment of acute diarrhea.
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PMID:Controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of rice powder-based oral rehydration solution on the outcome of acute diarrhea in infants. 329 71

Alcoholic ketoacidosis is a frequently encountered metabolic disturbance that follows a prolonged intake of ethanol. Following a brief duration of abstinence, patients typically present with vomiting, abdominal pain, and shortness of breath. Examination reveals Kussmaul breathing, variable volume loss, and coincident manifestations of chronic alcohol usage. Characteristic laboratory findings include anion-gap metabolic ketoacidosis, normal serum glucose, and zero ethanol levels. Phosphate measurements may be depressed, particularly after institution of therapy. Intravascular volume restitution, delivery of dextrose, attention to electrolytes, and discovery of alcohol-related illnesses are the mainstays of therapy.
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PMID:Alcoholic ketoacidosis--a review. 331 91

We have examined whether the addition of powdered rice and pulses (Dal moong) to oral rehydration solution will decrease the purging rate and thereby increase the efficacy of the oral rehydration therapy. The study was carried out on 60 male infants, with acute watery diarrhoea, moderate dehydration but without fever, vomiting, or other conditions like septicaemia and meningitis. The infants were treated with either the standard WHO oral rehydration salt solution (ORS) or with a modified solution where glucose was removed and powdered rice and Dal moong were added. We found that the infants receiving ORS with powdered rice and Dal moong had significantly lower fluid losses in the stools, a significant and more rapid weight gain, and needed significantly less fluid than the infants receiving ORS only.
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PMID:The benefits of the very early introduction of powdered rice and dried edible seeds (Dal moong) in the oral rehydration solution during the treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea of infancy. 332 90

To investigate possible undesirable effects due to the intravenous administration of a reagent of a xenogenic nature (monoclonal antibody 225-28S) in man, a toxicologic study was carried out on 85 patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Two reagents were tested in this study: purified monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 225-28S and its F(ab')2 fragment. Purified MoAb was labelled with 131I and F(ab')2 fragment with 131I, or 123I, or 111In or 99Tc. The quantity of MoAb or F(ab')2 injected ranged from 14 to 750 micrograms, and the specific activity from 37.0 to 2116.4 MBq/mg. The total radioactivity injected varied from 25.9 to 891.7 MBq/mg. In addition to a careful clinical examination, the following tests were done to monitor possible adverse effects: blood glucose, azotemia, RBC, WBC, platelet count, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, plasma electrolyte levels, serum proteins, albumin/globulin ratio, serum bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, gamma GT, and CPK. These tests were done before the injection and on days 7 and 14. No patient experienced adverse general effects like fever, nausea, vomiting or allergic reactions. None of the aforementioned hematometric and biochemical tests showed significant variations compared with the initial values. It is concluded that a single injection of these reagents at the dosages tested is completely atoxic.
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PMID:Anti-melanoma monoclonal antibody 225-28S: evaluation of toxicity in man. 335 62

Pirmenol hydrochloride (CI-845), a new orally effective antiarrhythmic agent, has undergone a comprehensive preclinical safety evaluation program. Repeated dose studies to evaluate chronic toxicity in rodents revealed few drug-related findings. A dose-related body weight gain suppression occurred in mice receiving up to 160 mg/kg for thirteen weeks. Rats also exhibited decreased body weight in a fifty-two-week study. Depressed fasting glucose levels were seen in rats at 50 mg/kg after thirteen weeks, but this effect was less prominent following fifty-two weeks of dosing. No other drug-related signs of toxicity were seen in rodents. Four-week repeated-dose intravenous studies in rats were uneventful. Occasional emesis and salivation, together with dryness of the oral mucosa, occurred in dogs given 10 mg/kg intravenously for four weeks. Drug-related increased heart rates, increased QRS duration, and reduced ST interval were seen thirty minutes postdose in dogs receiving 5 mg/kg or more intravenously. When dogs received pirmenol orally for fifty-two weeks, electrocardiographic and heart rate changes were variable and less pronounced than seen in the intravenous study. Clinical signs consisted of exaggerated pharmacologic responses similar to those found after intravenous dosing. Reproduction studies in rats and rabbits showed that pirmenol is not teratogenic. Reduced food intake and a 50% decrease in body weight gain were seen in rats at the top dose level of 150 mg/kg. Significantly reduced mean fetal weight and increased postimplantation loss indicated that 150 mg/kg was embryotoxic to rats. A top dose of 50 mg/kg in rabbits did not produce any signs of maternal or fetotoxicity, aside from a moderate suppression of maternal weight gain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Preclinical toxicology of pirmenol hydrochloride. 335 30

Group respiratory intoxication with balagrin (a pesticide from the nitroanilide group) in 3 agricultural female workers is described. Such group intoxication has not been described up to 1984. The clinical course is manifested by two syndromes: cerebrotoxic--which is the leading syndrome and includes headache, vertigo, adynamia, weakness, EEG changes; upper dyspeptic--which is a secondary syndrome and includes epigastric pain, nauseous, vomiting, anorexia. By X-ray examination a third syndrome--pulmonotoxic--has been registered without any other respiratory manifestations. It is probably due to venous stasis and peribronchial interstitial changes. The treatment with glucose infusions, vit. B6, vit C and cerucal could not fully abolish the cerebral manifestations. This led to, a prolonged treatment with cerebroprotective drugs (Pyramem, vitamin B complex). The 8-month observation showed a slow reverse evolution of the subjective complaints and the objective findings. It is concluded that the pesticide balagrin exerts marked toxic action under certain conditions.
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PMID:[Clinical picture and treatment of acute respiratory poisoning by balagrin]. 343 46

Thirty experimental and fifteen control Wistar rats were studied to determine whether hypoglycin A influences insulin levels in the body to contribute to the state of hypoglycemia usually observed in Jamaican vomiting sickness, a condition arising after ingestion of unripe ackees. This fruit also grows in other Caribbean islands, as well as North and Central America. Hypoglycin A is one of the toxic compounds found in unripe ackees and is capable of inducing hypoglycemia. A fall in blood glucose occurred after administration of hypoglycin A. The lowest level of 42.60 +/- 4.84 mg/dl was attained 3 hr after administration of the drug. This alteration of blood glucose from the fasting level of 80.31 +/- 5.20 mg/dl was significant (P less than 0.01). The blood glucose level in the control rats showed no significant change from the fasting level. The insulin level in portal and peripheral blood showed no significant change. Results showed that, although hypoglycin A induced severe hypoglycemia after intravenous application, there was no significant change in insulin levels. This observation suggests that hypoglycin A has a mechanism of action other than an alteration in insulin levels to induce hypoglycemia.
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PMID:Effect of hypoglycin A on insulin release. 354 29

Carbohydrate energy absorption and breath hydrogen concentration were measured in 12 premature infants 28-32 wk gestational age and 2-4 wk postnatal age. Each of two groups of six infants were randomly assigned to receive one of two formulas that differed only in carbohydrate source: 100% lactose (LAC) or 50% lactose: 50% glucose polymer (LAC + GP). In 11 infants the peak breath hydrogen concentration suggested extensive colonic fermentation (range 44-239 ppm/5% CO2 or 44-239 microL/L per 50 mL/L CO2). An approximate 100% increase in lactose intake in the LAC group was associated with a similar increase in breath hydrogen concentration at 30, 60, and 120 min. None of the infants exhibited diarrhea or vomiting or developed delayed gastric emptying. Carbohydrate energy absorption (mean +/- SD) was, respectively, 86 +/- 5% and 91 +/- 3% in the LAC and the LAC + GP groups (p greater than 0.05). Thus, colonic bacterial fermentation may be critical to energy balance and to the prevention of osmotic diarrhea in premature infants fed lactose.
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PMID:Dietary carbohydrate assimilation in the premature infant: evidence for a nutritionally significant bacterial ecosystem in the colon. 367 45


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