Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A series of 90 ASA class 1 or 2 young adult female out-patients, randomly assigned to four groups, were treated with placebo (saline solution), alizapride 50 mg, alizapride 100 mg or alizapride 200 mg. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting has been estimated. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was lower with the alizapride-treated patients, while, contrary to the experience with other antiemetics, prolonged recovery was not observed. The incidence of vomiting in the placebo-group was twice as high as in the alizapride-groups. Of the placebo-treated patients, 20 percent requested further antiemetic medication within four hours while none of the alizapride-treated patients needed this. Alizapride 100 to 200 mg intravenously is efficacious in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
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PMID:Alizapride in prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. 328 Oct 60

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) was studied during the early postoperative period. Subjects were 40 ASA I-III patients recovering from elective major and minor surgery. Buprenorphine doses of 40 micrograms each were available whenever the patients felt pain relief necessary, and were delivered by a microprocessor-controlled injection pump (On-Demand Analgesia Computer). The hourly maximum dose was set at 320 micrograms with a lockout time of 1 minute. A continuous low-dose buprenorphine infusion (5 micrograms/h) was additionally administered in order to prevent catheter obstruction. The duration of the PCA period was 16.9 +/- 5.1 h (mean +/- SD). During this time, 16.1 +/- 11.3 demands per patient were recorded resulting in individual buprenorphine consumptions of 0.63 +/- 0.59 micrograms/kg/h. More buprenorphine was needed following abdominal surgery compared with orthopedic patients, although pain relief was found slightly less in the former group. Buprenorphine consumption was significantly higher in female than in male patients. Overall efficacy and patient acceptance proved to be excellent. The effectiveness of PCA was judged superior by about 93% of patients when compared with previously experienced postoperative analgesia. Side-effects (sweating, nausea, emesis) occurred in about 10% of cases but were usually of minor intensity. No circulatory or respiratory problems were observed during the PCA period.
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PMID:[Postoperative on-demand analgesia with buprenorphine]. 336 65

The currently recognized toxic effects of quinine in humans are identified and the problems of management of overdosage of quinine are discussed. Quinine, available therapeutically as sulphate or hydrochloride salts, also is widely used in tonic water, and there are several case reports of allergic reactions to the drug when a patient has consumed the drug in this way. Another unintentional source of poisoning is its use as an adulterant in heroin for "street" use. This appears to be a problem in the US. Quinine, termed a "general protoplasmic poison" is toxic to many bacteria, yeasts, and trypanosomes, as well as to malarial plasmodia. Quinine has local anesthetic action but also is an irritant. The irritant effects may be responsible in part for the nausea associated with its clinical use. In addition it has a mild antipyretic effect. Several features are common to both an acute single overdose in self-poisoning and accumulation of quinine during therapy for malaria: together they are termed cinchonism. Auditory symptoms, gastrointestinal disturbances, vasodilatation, sweating, and headache occur with moderately elevated plasma quinine concentration. As these rise, increasingly severe visual disturbances and then cardiac and neurologic features occur. Mild nausea may be the only symptom, but with large overdoses profuse vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may occur. These result from a combination of the local irritant effect of quinine on the gut and the central effects of quinine on the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Vasodilatation and sweating are well recognized, and tinnitus is common. Visual symptoms usually are delayed, and blindness may not be discovered for a day or more. Aspirin-sensitive patients, and others, may develop angioedema by nonimmunological mechanisms in response to drugs, and quinine has been reported to produce pseudo-allergic reactions in aspirin-sensitive patients. Quinine also can cause drug-induced thrombocytopenia and purpura. In patients suffering with malaria due to "Plasmodium falciparum," anemia and acute intravascular hemolysis with renal failure are recognized complications. There appears to be little evidence in the literature in support of the folk tradition of quinine as an inducer of abortion. Quinine is known to cause deterioration in patients with myasthenia gravis and erythema multiforme, to stimulate insulin release in patients receiving treatment for falicparum malaria, and to be responsible at times for ataxia following moderate overdosage. Clinically, quinine poisoning is observed in 3 situations: self-poisoning; accidentally; and following use of quinine in excessive doses in the hope of achieving abortion. Treatment courses are reviewed.
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PMID:Quinine toxicity. 354 70

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA, intravenous self-application of narcotics) was studied during the early postoperative period. Subjects were 40 ASA I-III patients recovering from elective major and minor surgery (each 20 having undergone abdominal or orthopaedic operations). Pentazocine bolusses of each 8 mg were available via a hand-button whenever the patients felt pain relief necessary, and delivered by a microprocessor-controlled injection pump (On-Demand Analgesia Computer, ODAC). Hourly maximum dose was set to 60 mg with a pump refractory time of 1 min between valid demands. A continuous low-dose pentazocine infusion (1 mg/h) was additionally administered in order to prevent catheter obstruction. Duration of the PCA period was 20.3 +/- 5.9 h (mean, standard deviation). During this time, 20.0 +/- 12.7 demands per patient were recorded resulting in mean pentazocine consumption of 135.6 +/- 81.4 micrograms/kg/h. Self-administration was characterized by considerable intra- and interindividual variability. There were no statistically significant differences with regard of pentazocine consumption or pain relief between abdominal and orthopaedic patients, nor could any be demonstrated between the sexes. Similarly, no clear differences were found after various anaesthetic techniques (neuroleptanalgesia, halothane or spinal anaesthesia). Over-all efficacy and patient acceptance proved to be excellent. Effectiveness of PCA was judged superior by about 68% of patients when compared with previously experienced conventional postoperative analgesia. Side effects (nausea, emesis, sweating) occurred in about 10-18% but were usually of minor intensity. Circulatory or respiratory problems were not observed during the PCA period. Patient-controlled analgesia is discussed as a promising concept for the treatment of acute pain and clinical pain research.
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PMID:[Postoperative on-demand analgesia with pentazocine (Fortral)]. 409 11

One hundred patients (14-82 years) were given either domperidone 10 mg I.V. or a placebo after they had vomited postoperatively. The patients were then observed for six hours. A supplementary injection of domperidone 10 mg I.V. from an open supply was given if required. In the placebo group 47.9% of patients needed another injection but only 25% of patients in the domperidone group (p less than 0.01). Vomiting occurred later after domperidone than after the placebo (p less than 0.01). At the end of six hours 74% of patients in the domperidone group had no recurrence of vomiting compared with 38% in the control group. In this study neither vomiting nor the efficacy of domperidone were found to be related to the type of surgery, the type of anaesthetic or the physical status (ASA I-III) of the patient (p greater than 0.05).
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PMID:The efficacy of Domperidone (R 33812) in the treatment of postoperative vomiting. A double-blind study with a placebo. 700 43

This double-blind study assessed the effect of low dose droperidol (0.005 mg x kg-1) on the incidence of postoperative vomiting in 200 children in ASA classification I and II, ranging from one to 15 years of age. The results showed that the dose of droperidol used in this study was very effective in reducing vomiting in children 11 to 15 years of age. The duration of stay in the post-anaesthetic care unit was not prolonged and no extrapyramidal symptoms related to the drug were observed. In our opinion the administration of droperidol 0.005 mg x kg-1 before the end of the operation will reduce the possibility of vomiting within 24 hours of operation in children in 11-15 year age group who are expected to have a high incidence of postoperative vomiting.
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PMID:Effect of low dose droperidol on postoperative vomiting in children. 723 20

This discussion is based on the experience of the Phoenix Surgicenter, where over 60,000 patients have been anaesthetized since 1970. Patients accepted for out-patient surgery are ASA Status I or II, although status III patients may be included if their co-existing disability is under excellent control. Eighty-five per cent of adult patients receive general anaesthesia. A wide variety of local and regional anaesthetic techniques may be used. Efforts during recovery are directed towards preparing the patient for discharge in a "home ready" condition for safe handling by attending relatives. The common complications have been postoperative nausea or emesis and hypotension. The hospital transfer rate has been 0.2 per cent.
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PMID:Anaesthesia for day-care surgery: a symposium (III). Anaesthesia for adult surgical out-patients. 740 73

Fourteen, ASA class 1 or 2, outpatients of either sex, admitted for elective arthroscopy of the knees, were anesthetized by continuous infusion of etomidate. After a mean infusion time +/- SD of 38.2 +/- 11.6 min., the awakening time was 4.96 +/- 3.29 min. Five patients (37.7%) had mild pain on the injection side and 3 (21.5%) showed myoclonic movements. Postanesthetically 6 patients (42%) were nauseated and 4 (28.5%) were vomiting. After 130.4 +/- 38.33 min. all patients could be sent home. It is concluded that continuous infusion of etomidate is unless these side effects a good alternative anesthesia technique for outpatients. (Acta anaesth. belg., 1980, 31, 39-43).
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PMID:Continuous infusion of etomidate as a method for outpatient anesthesia. 745 41

The efficacy of ginger for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting was studied in a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial in 108 ASA 1 or 2 patients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia. Patients received oral placebo, ginger BP 0.5g or ginger BP 1.0g, all with oral diazepam premedication, one hour prior to surgery. Patients were assessed at three hours postoperatively. The incidence of nausea and vomiting increased slightly but nonsignificantly with increasing dose of ginger. The incidence of moderate or severe nausea was 22, 33 and 36%, while the incidence of vomiting was 17, 14 and 31% in groups receiving 0, 0.5 and 1.0g ginger, respectively (odds ratio per 0.5g ginger 1.39 for nausea and 1.55 for vomiting). These results were essentially unchanged when adjustment was made for concomitant risk factors. We conclude that ginger BP in doses of 0.5 or 1.0 gram is ineffective in reducing the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
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PMID:A double-blind randomized controlled trial of ginger for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. 748 35

This double blinded, placebo controlled, randomized, and prospective study investigated the effect of the rapid intravenous administration of ondansetron 0.15 mg.kg-1 or metoclopramide 0.25 mg.kg-1 on the heart rate, haemoglobin saturation, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure in 45 ASA PS I-II children between two and 16 years of age prior to elective tonsillectomy. The study groups were not significantly different with respect to age, weight, or gender. We were unable to detect a change in heart rate, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, or haemoglobin saturation following the rapid administration of ondansetron or metoclopramide. We conclude intravenous ondansetron or metoclopramide (for the prevention of postoperative vomiting) are not associated with cardiovascular instability when administered rapidly to healthy children prior to elective surgery.
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PMID:Rapid intravenous administration of ondansetron or metoclopramide is not associated with cardiovascular compromise in children. 748 21


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