Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral and smoked delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was performed in eight patients with resected soft tissue sarcomas who received adjuvant Adriamycin and Cytoxan chemotherapy. Each patient served as his own control. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, in comparison with a placebo, did not significantly reduce the number of vomiting and retching episodes, volume of emesis, degree of nausea, or duration of nausea. In contrast to a previous report where significant antiemetic effects of THC were observed in patients receiving high-dose methotrexate, THC did not effectively reduce emesis induced by Adriamycin and Cytoxan. These findings suggest that the antiemetic properties of THC are effective only against specific chemotherapeutic drugs.
 ...
PMID:A prospective evaluation of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in patients receiving adriamycin and cytoxan chemotherapy. 626 26

A combination chemotherapy "VEMA" consisting of vincristine (VCR), cyclophosphamide (Endoxan, EX), methotrexate (MTX) and nimustine (ACNU) has been carried out for the treatment of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma since September, 1978. "VEMA" regimen consists of VCR 1.3 mg/m2 iv push on day 1, EX 500 mg/m2 iv infusion on day 1 and 2, MTX 28 mg/m2 iv push on day 1, 2 and 3, and ACNU 67 mg/m2 iv push on day 3. This dose schedule was repeated every 3 to 4 weeks. The regimen was given to 14 patients and 12 patients were evaluable. In the 12 evaluable cases, 2 case of complete response (CR), 7 cases of partial response (PR) and 2 cases of effusion effective were obtained. Response rate of CR + PR was 90%. Response rate including CR, PR and effusion effective was 91.7%. The major clinical toxicity of "VEMA" therapy was bone marrow suppression. Other side effects were anorexia, nausea, vomiting, alopecia and stomatitis: etc; however, these side effects were not life threatening to terminate "VEMA" therapy. In conclusion, "VEMA" regimen is a new potent combination chemotherapy in the treatment of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma.
 ...
PMID:[Effects of a combination chemotherapy "VEMA" consisting of vincristine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and ACNU in the treatment of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma]. 630 69

Nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, and Prochlorperazine were compared in a double-blind crossover study of 34 patients with lung cancer undergoing a 3-day schedule of chemotherapy with Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin and Etoposide. Symptom scores were significantly better for patients on nabilone for nausea, retching and vomiting (P less than 0.05). Fewer subjects vomited with nabilone (P = 0.05) and the number of vomiting episodes was lower (P less than 0.05); no patients on nabilone required additional parenteral anti-emetic. More patients preferred nabilone for anti-emetic control (P less than 0.005). Adverse effects common with nabilone were drowsiness (57%), postural dizziness (35%) and lightheadedness (18%). Euphoria was seen in 14% and a "high" in 7%. Erect systolic blood pressure was lower in nabilone patients on Day 1 (P = 0.05) but postural hypotension was a major problem in only 7%. Nabilone is an effective oral anti-emetic drug for moderately toxic chemotherapy, but the range and unpredictability of its side-effects warrant caution in its use.
 ...
PMID:Anti-emetic efficacy and toxicity of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in lung cancer chemotherapy. 631 40

Twenty-five patients with evaluable histologically confirmed inoperable metastatic sarcomas were treated once every four weeks with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in doses of 400, 40, and 60 mg/m2, respectively. Cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin were given by rapid intravenous injection followed immediately by cisplatin by slow intravenous infusion (2-6 hr) in 1 liter of 0.45% saline with mannitol added. Leukopenia, alopecia, and vomiting were common side effects and three patients refused further treatment because of vomiting following their initial courses. No drug-related deaths occurred and we removed no one from the study because of toxicity problems. Among the 9 patients who experienced objective tumor regression were 2 of 2 with hemangiosarcoma, 3 of 5 with malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 3 of 5 with osteosarcoma, and 1 of 1 with pleomorphic liposarcoma of bone. Although not therapeutically gratifying, these results appear to be better than any previously observed at our institution.
 ...
PMID:Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin combined in the treatment of advanced sarcomas. 635 97

Cyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard produce significant vomiting. Cyclophosphamide is metabolized to phosphoramide mustard, which may ultimately contribute to vomiting after cyclophosphamide administration. The role of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in vomiting caused by these agents is unknown. We studied the emetic syndromes produced by iv and intracerebroventricular cyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard in unanesthetized normal and CTZ-ablated cats. Iv cyclophosphamide produced vomiting unpredictably, with a mean latency of 54 +/- 9 mins (mean +/- SE) in cats that vomited. A dose-response relationship was found for phosphoramide mustard-induced emesis. A dose of 200 mg/kg was consistently effective, with a mean latency of 127 +/- 6 mins. Neither agent produced predictable emesis by the intracerebroventricular route of administration. One of four CTZ-ablated cats vomited after 300 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide. Since cyclophosphamide was an unpredictable emetic stimulus, it was not possible to further evaluate the effect of CTZ ablation on cyclophosphamide-induced vomiting. However, CTZ-ablated cats given 200 mg/kg of phosphoramide mustard vomited significantly less frequently (P = 0.05 by chi-square test) and with a longer latency than nonablated animals. A temporary, severe neurotoxic reaction was observed in cats receiving greater than or equal to 3400 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide, which may have had an inhibitory effect on emesis. Phosphoramide mustard was found to be a potent emetic stimulus in cats and may contribute to the emetic response following cyclophosphamide administration. Analysis of latency data suggests that in the cat other cyclophosphamide metabolites may also contribute to the emetic syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Vomiting induced by cyclophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard in cats. 710 52

Chromogranin A (CgA) is present in high concentrations in enterochromaffin cells, where it is co-localised with serotonin in the storage granules. Plasma CgA has been reported to mark emesis and serotonin release associated with cisplatin treatment. However, it is not known whether plasma CgA could be an indicator of emesis and of serotonin release in patients receiving non-cisplatin chemotherapies. Therefore, in this study we evaluated, in cancer patients, the temporal relationships between the increases in plasma CgA and urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and the development of vomiting following dacarbazine, nitrogen mustard and cyclophosphamide treatments. Metoclopramide was used as antiemetic. With dacarbazine, nitrogen mustard and cyclophosphamide the median time to the onset of emesis was 2.3, 2.8 and 5.3 h and the duration of intense emesis was 3, 2 and 6 h respectively. Plasma CgA and urinary 5-HIAA increased after dacarbazine- and nitrogen mustard-based chemotherapies, with maximal increases between 4 and 6 h after initiation of drug infusion. The time course for the increases in plasma CgA paralleled that of urinary 5-HIAA and the period of intense emesis. A highly significant (P = 0.0009) positive correlation (r = 0.68) was found between the increases in plasma CgA and in urinary 5-HIAA. Cyclophosphamide treatment was not associated with increases in plasma CgA and in urinary 5-HIAA, despite inducing emesis; this indicates that the increases in CgA and 5-HIAA after dacarbazine and nitrogen mustard are not due to the act of vomiting per se. In summary, plasma CgA is a marker of serotonin release (most likely from enterochromaffin cells) after dacarbazine and nitrogen mustard-based chemotherapies, exocytosis being the most likely mechanism for the release of serotonin. Serotonin released from enterochromaffin cells seems to trigger the emetic response to dacarbazine and nitrogen mustard; however, cyclophosphamide may release serotonin from a different pool (enteric serotonin neurons and/or CNS serotonin?).
 ...
PMID:Plasma chromogranin A marks emesis and serotonin release associated with dacarbazine and nitrogen mustard but not with cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapies. 754 18

The antiemetic effect of ondansetron (supplied by Qilu Pharmaceutical Company) in patients receiving non-cisplatin chemotherapy (containing CTX and/or ADM) was studied in a multiple centre, randomized cross-over trial. The patients who had vomiting in the first turn of chemotherapy entered the trial. The patients received randomly ondansetron or control drugs-metoclopramide or Zofran (Glaxo) in the second turn of chemotherapy. In the third, the patients were cross-over to use the other antiemetic drug. A total of 155 patients were enrolled into the study. The results showed, the effective control rate (0-2 emetic episodes) on the first day were 87.7% of patients treated with ondansetron and 61.6% treated with metoclopramide. The mean frequency of vomiting was 0.8 times in ondansetron and 2.7 times in metoclopramide (P < 0.01). Ondansetron was superior to metoclopramide for the control of emesis. The antiemetic effects of ondansetron (Qilu) and Zofran (Glaxo) were very similar. The side-effects of ondansetron were mild.
 ...
PMID:[The role of ondansetron (Qilu) in the prevention of non-cisplatin-induced vomiting--a randomized clinical trial]. 758

Thirteen patients with metastatic renal cancer were treated in a phase II trial with interleukin-2, 21.6 million IU/m2 intravenously daily for five days on two consecutive weeks, starting 3 days after the administration of low dose cyclophosphamide 350 mg/m2 intravenously. Treatment cycles were repeated every 21 days. No responses were seen (95% Confidence Interval: 0-22%). The most common toxicities were fever, fatigue, hypotension, nausea/emesis, and myalgia/arthralgia. There were 11 episodes of Grade III toxicity including Grade III hypotension in 7 patients. Because of the significant toxicity and the lack of observed response, the study was discontinued. Cyclophosphamide and interleukin-2 at the dose and schedule used in this study has considerable toxicity and is unlikely to improve on response rates previously seen with other IL-2 based regimens in metastatic renal cancer.
 ...
PMID:Phase II study of low dose cyclophosphamide and intravenous interleukin-2 in metastatic renal cancer. 796 Jun 3

The emetic effects of five anticancer drugs, cyclophosphamide, nitrogen mustard-N-oxide, actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil and L-asparaginase, and the effects of bilateral abdominal vagotomy and bilateral greater splanchnic nerve section or a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist on the emesis induced by these drugs were investigated in dogs. Cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg, i.v.), nitrogen mustard-N-oxide (5 mg/kg, i.v.) and actinomycin D (50 micrograms/kg, i.v.) caused vomiting in dogs with a long latency period. 5-Fluorouracil (5 mg/kg, i.v.) and L-asparaginase (2000 K.U./kg, i.v.) failed to induce vomiting. Bilateral abdominal vagotomy and bilateral greater splanchnic nerve section completely inhibited the vomiting induced by the former three anticancer drugs. Furthermore, the vomiting was inhibited completely by intravenous administration of ICS205930 (2 x 0.1 mg/kg), a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. These results suggest that activation of visceral afferents through 5-HT3 receptors mediates the vomiting induced by cyclophosphamide, nitrogen mustard-N-oxide and actinomycin D.
 ...
PMID:Emetic effects of anticancer drugs and involvement of visceral afferent fibers and 5-HT3 receptors in dogs. 811 85

Cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy is often given to patients for the treatment of breast cancer. This chemotherapy can induce severe nausea and vomiting in these patients, which can adversely affect their quality of life, especially as these regimens are often given on an outpatient basis over several courses. This paper reviews 5 randomised, double-blind, multicenter comparative studies which have been carried out in breast cancer patients to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of the potent and highly selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron. These studies have shown that ondansetron is superior to placebo in the control of emesis induced by a 14-day CMF schedule and that it is superior to conventional anti-emetics (metoclopramide and alizapride) in the control of acute and delayed emesis induced by regimens containing high-dose cyclophosphamide. Ondansetron was well tolerated in these studies and did not induced any extrapyramidal reactions. The efficacy and tolerability of ondansetron was reflected in a better quality of life for patients given this anti-emetic which was formally assessed in 2 of the studies using the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist or the Functional Living Index-Emesis. In conclusion, ondansetron is an effective and well-tolerated anti-emetic for patients receiving cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer. Ondansetron provides significant benefits for patients' quality of life compared with conventional anti-emetics particularly as these patients are often treated on an outpatient basis and can be treated with oral ondansetron at home.
 ...
PMID:Improved control of emesis and quality of life with ondansetron in breast cancer. 845 89


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>