Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cardiovascular effects of dopamine (DA) were studied in anesthetized dogs with special attention to the susceptibility of these effects to inhibition by catecholaminergic receptor blocking drugs. Dopamine given by rapid i.v. injection at 1 and 3 mug/kg produced depressor responses whereas doses from 9 to 81 mug/kg produced pressor resposes and increases in cardiac contractile force. Propranolol inhibited the increases in cardiac contractility whereas phenoxybenzamine potentiated the depressor effect of low doses of DA and reversed the pressor effect of high doses. Bulbocapnine blocked the depressor effect of DA in both phenoxybenzamine and propranolol-treated dogs. Pimozide, however, had no effect on the depressor response to DA. In hemodynamic studies, DA reduced blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and renal vascular resistance. Cardiac output and renal blood flow were increased. Bulbocapnine, but not pimozide, abolished the effects of DA on blood pressure, vascular resistance and renal blood flow. In conscious dogs, pimozide abolished apomorphine-induced emesis (an effect mediated by DA receptors in the central nervous system) whereas bulbocapnine had no effect. Therefore, the peripheral vascular and central dopamine receptors may be pharmacologically distinct.
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PMID:The cardiovascular actions of dopamine and the effects of central and peripheral catecholaminergic receptor blocking drugs. 112 Sep 64

The effect of arotinolol, a peripherally acting beta-adrenergic-blocking agent, on postural or kinetic tremor was studied in monkeys with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism. Male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were treated with three injections of MPTP hydrochloride (0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) at an interval of 3-4 days, followed by several injections of the same dose every 7 days. Four monkeys with persistent parkinsonian symptoms manifested for greater than 1 year were used. The animals developed mild to moderate degrees of postural or kinetic tremor, and their motor activity was reduced. Arotinolol (20-30 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly suppressed postural tremor in a dose-dependent manner. Propranolol (20-30 mg/kg) was also effective in suppressing the tremor. However, the application of propranolol induced emesis, whereas arotinolol had no adverse effects. These results suggest that arotinolol is a useful adjunct to dopaminergic therapy for tremor in Parkinson's disease.
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PMID:Therapeutic effects of arotinolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, on tremor in MPTP-induced parkinsonian monkeys. 138 70

According to widely accepted theory, migraine is a self-limited neurogenic sterile inflammation characterized by initial cerebral vasoconstriction, subsequent extracranial and intracranial vasodilation, sterile inflammation, and secondary muscle contraction. It is characterized by recurrent attacks of headache, usually unilateral and accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and, often, other symptoms. Frequency, duration, and intensity of attacks are widely variable. Migraine affects more women than men, and is often related to menses. Patients with classic migraine experience visual or neurologic prodromes, but vague "premonitions" occur in both classic and common migraine. Precipitating factors include foods, alcohol, medications, visual stimuli, changes in routine, and stress. The first-line agent for abortive therapy is ergotamine; corticosteroids are indicated for prolonged headache. Propranolol is recommended for daily prophylactic therapy, and alternatives include calcium channel blockers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and tricyclic antidepressants.
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PMID:Strategies for migraine management. 189 57

This investigation evaluated the antagonist properties of (-)propranolol, (+)propranolol, metergoline and BMY 7378 on the known effect of 8-OH-DPAT (DPAT) to decrease motion sickness in cats. (-)Propranolol produced a greater decrease in the antiemetic effect of DPAT than did (+)propranolol. Although metergoline produced a decrease in the antiemetic effect of DPAT, the decrease could not be clearly attributed to interactions with 5-HT1A receptors because metergoline alone slightly enhanced motion sickness. Depletion of 5-HT with PCPA produced a weaker, nonsignificant enhancement of motion sickness, while mesulergine had no effect. As neither nonspecific 5-HT receptor blockade with metergoline nor depletion of 5-HT mimicked the antiemetic effect of DPAT, it was concluded that DPAT acts on postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors to prevent emesis. BMY 7378 alone decreased the incidence of motion sickness. A dose just below this agonist range did not decrease the effects of DPAT.
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PMID:Effects of serotonin antagonists on motion sickness and its suppression by 8-OH-DPAT in cats. 215 Apr 42

A series of 78 cases of accidental levothyroxine ingestion in children (less than 12 years old) with treatment limited to ipecac-induced emesis and a single oral dose of activated charcoal is presented. No patient received any form of dialysis or hemoperfusion, propylthiouracil, cholestyramine, steroids, or serial doses of oral activated charcoal. Propranolol was used in one case despite the absence of clinical manifestations of toxicity. Only four children developed symptoms, limited to modest fever (38.3 degrees C), supraventricular tachycardia (120-176 beats/min), lethargy, irritability, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Peak T4RIA values in three patients were 32.8, 30.0, and 26.4 micrograms/dl, respectively, and two of these patients remained asymptomatic. Initial therapy for acute levothyroxine ingestions in children can be safely limited to routine gastrointestinal decontamination. Hospitalization or prophylactic treatment with propranolol, propylthiouracil, corticosteroids, cholestyramine, or extracorporeal detoxification are unnecessary in the early asymptomatic phase.
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PMID:Levothyroxine ingestions in children: an analysis of 78 cases. 286 Sep 10

Most beta-adrenoceptor blockers undergo extensive oxidative metabolism. The evidence for polymorphism of the debrisoquine type is reviewed. The AUC and half-life of metoprolol were considerably greater in poor metabolisers (PM) of debrisoquine than in extensive metabolisers (EM). Metoprolol alpha-hydroxylation is impaired and O-dealkylation must also be affected. Polymorphism in the former route has been demonstrated in a population of 143 patients to be directly related to debrisoquine phenotype. Bufuralol AUC and half-life are much higher in PM than EM subjects. Hydroxylation at the 1 and 4 positions are affected. Genetic polymorphism for 1-hydroxylation has been shown in family and population studies. Propranolol 4-hydroxylation is defective in PM subjects of debrisoquine but propranolol AUC is not related to phenotype, presumably because other major pathways are unaffected. Oxidation phenotype correlates well with intensity and duration of beta-adrenoceptor blockade after metoprolol, PM subjects requiring only once-daily dosing. However, in EM subjects twice-daily dosing is required even if slow release preparations are used, since plasma metoprolol concentrations may remain negligible 24 h after dosing. The beta-adrenoceptor blocking effects of propranolol and bufuralol are unlikely to be influenced by oxidation status. Anecdotal reports of toxicity arising in PM subjects taking metoprolol or propranolol need to be substantiated. However, vomiting after the administration of bufuralol often occurs in poor metabolisers. Metabolic interactions with drugs sharing the same enzyme system are discussed. Debrisoquine and bufuralol competitively inhibit each other's metabolism in vitro. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Polymorphic metabolism of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. 614 35

The antiemetic effects of flesinoxan were evaluated following s.c. administration in cats. Flesinoxan produced a dose-dependent suppression of motion sickness and also reduced xylazine-induced emesis at higher doses. Flesinoxan had a short latency to onset and may have a brief duration of action. It was slightly more potent that 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), in contrast to their relative potencies on most other in vivo measures. High doses of both agonists produced defensive behavior as a result of 5-HT1A receptor stimulation. (-)-Propranolol, which previously reduced 8-OH-DPAT suppression of feline motion sickness, failed to reduce the antiemetic effect of flesinoxan. The dose of 3 mg/kg of NAN-190 (1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-(2-phthalimido)butyl]piperazine) produced a slight decrease in motion sickness and added to the suppression of motion sickness by low doses of flesinoxan via an uncertain mechanism. It also reduced the antiemetic effect of higher doses of flesinoxan. In contrast, NAN-190 produced additive antiemetic effects when combined with 8-OH-DPAT and little if any reduction. NAN-190 reduced the defensiveness produced by both flesinoxan and 8-OH-DPAT. Phentolamine and sulpiride reduced neither the antiemetic effect nor the defensive behavior produced by flesinoxan, thus ruling out a role for alpha-adrenoceptors and dopamine D2 receptors. Flesinoxan exerted a broad spectrum antiemetic effect by an action at 5-HT1A receptors as does 8-OH-DPAT, but differed in its response to putative 5-HT1A receptor antagonists.
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PMID:Antiemetic effects of flesinoxan in cats: comparisons with 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin. 801 49

The experience with prophylactic therapy for cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) at Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia was retrospectively reviewed by questionnaire. Data was collected from 31 patients, aged 2.9-21.75 years who reported a mean of nine attacks per year. Eleven patients had utilized prophylactic therapy. Parental assessment of benefit was recorded. Propranolol was the most effective agent with reported benefit in four of six cases, other antimigraine agents were deemed effective in two of seven cases. Anti-convulsants and antidepressants were not considered useful. Homeopathic and vitamin supplements were thought to be beneficial in three of six cases. Prophylaxis was less likely to be beneficial in the more severe cases of CVS, but was of benefit in those patients whose attacks were precipitated by infection or who had features consistent with migraine. Prophylactic therapy with propranolol or serotonin receptor antagonists should be considered in children with frequent or severe symptoms.
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PMID:Prophylactic therapy in cyclic vomiting syndrome. 870 71

A 2-year-old girl was found with an empty bottle of levothyroxine and blue coloring around her mouth. Forty tablets of 150-microg levothyroxine tablets were missing. Her 6-hour postingestion total thyroxine (T4) level was 68.1 microg/dL (normal range: 5-12 microg/dL), and her total triiodothyronine (T3) level was 472 ng/dL (normal range: 40-130 ng/dL). Serum levels of thyrotropin, T3, and T4 were then checked on days 3, 5, 7, and 10. On postingestion day 5, the child presented for follow-up with hyperthermia, vomiting, irritability, and increased lethargy. She was referred to the emergency department, where a heart rate of 220 beats per minute, a blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg, and a temperature of 101 degrees F were recorded. She also had multiple episodes of diarrhea. The patient was treated with oral propranolol (0.8 mg/kg) every 6 hours, intravenous normal saline, and ibuprofen; all her vital signs improved. Serial T3, T4, and thyrotropin serum levels were measured. Her total T3 levels were >800, 798, 445, 446, and 98 ng/dL on days 3, 5, 6, 9, and 13, respectively. Total T4 measurement was repeated on day 13, and the concentration was found to be 11.9 microg/dL. Her thyrotropin levels remained undetectable throughout the course of treatment. The patient was discharged from the hospital after a 4-day PICU stay, in good condition, on oral propranolol 0.8 mg/kg every 8 hours. Propranolol administration was discontinued 8 days after initiation with no further tachycardia, hypertension, or hyperthermia. The child tolerated the recommended regimen.
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PMID:Thyroid storm after pediatric levothyroxine ingestion. 2064 22

A 55 year lady having severe attack of headache, vomiting & giddiness, diagnosed as acute attack of migraine & kept on prophylactic treatment of migraine - Propranolol- cipler after controlling the acute attack by emidixyn, vasograin & sarotena. On subsequent similar attack, X-ray skull lateral view showed enlarged sella. But ophthalmoscopy & visual fields were normal. There was no may sign of pituitary tumor, so it was diagnosed as empty sella syndrome. C. T. Scan of head confirmed it as empty sella.
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PMID:Empty sella syndrome. 2311 35


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