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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure is frequently measured to diagnose LES incompetence in adults. The multilumen perfused catheters with large diameters that are used for ths purpose are not suitable for small infants. We measured LES pressure in ten normal newborns with a small, single-lumen perfused catheter and compared our values with those obtained with the standard adult apparatus. Higher pressures were recorded with the single-lumen catheter. Chloral hydrate sedation had no effect on LES pressure. Two-day-old infants had LES pressures comparable to those of adults and older children. The technique was applied to the diagnosis of LES incompetence in 23 infants. Infants with LES incompetence (chalasia) were correctly separated from infants with chronic vomiting secondary to all other causes. Single-lumen manometric studies provide a simple, reliable, and safe method of assessing LES incompetence in small infants.
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PMID:Manometric diagnosis of lower esophageal sphincter incompetence in infants: use of a small, single-lumen perfused catheter. 72 24

Sedation is frequently required in children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 172 Paediatric patients (82 female and 90 male, age 42 +/- 26 months, weight 14.7 +/- 5.6 kg) entered an open, non-comparative, prospective study to assess the utilization of oral chloral hydrate. Chloral hydrate syrup (70 mg/ml) was administered 20-30 min prior to the procedure. Effective sedation was reached in 80.3% with an average initial dose of 55 mg/kg and in 93.6% with an average total dose of 65 mg/kg. Significant differences in effectivity were correlated with the dose (54 +/- 11 mg/kg in failure cases versus 66 +/- 16 mg/kg in effective cases; p < 0.05) and diagnosis (effectivity falls to 62.5% and 76.0% in children with medullar tumours and encephalic white matter alterations, respectively; p < 0.01). Average sleep induction time was 30 +/- 19 min, and average duration of sleep was 62 +/- 24 min. Adverse reactions occurred in 4.7%, with nausea, vomiting and stomach pain being the most common side-effects (3.5%). Multivariate statistical analysis selects total dose and age into the discriminant function, with a 100% relative percentage of correct classification. A simple method for optimizing the chloral hydrate dose in children is proposed: the dose in mg/kg is calculated as half the age in months + 50.
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PMID:Administration of oral chloral hydrate to paediatric patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. 147 73

Chloral hydrate is commonly used to sedate children before CT. However, no prospective study has been published of the safety and efficacy of chloral hydrate at high dose levels for children undergoing CT. We define high dose levels of oral chloral hydrate to be 80-100 mg/kg, with a maximum total dose of 2 g. High dose chloral hydrate sedation was administered orally to 295 children for 326 CT examinations. Adverse reactions occurred in 7% of the children, with vomiting being the most common (4.3% of children). Hyperactivity and respiratory symptoms each occurred in less than 2% of children. Prolonged sedation ( greater than 2 h) was not encountered in our series. Sedation was successful in producing motion free CT examinations, so that in 303 (93%) of the cases, no repeat CT scans were needed. We conclude that high dose oral chloral hydrate provides safe and effective sedation for children undergoing CT.
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PMID:High dose chloral hydrate sedation for children undergoing CT. 202 12

In this paper a comparison of sedation effectiveness, vomiting incidence and postoperative sleeping time with three sedation schemes: Chloral hydrate exclusively, hidroxicine chlorhydrate the night before and 15 minutes before chloral hydrate administration and hidroxicine chlorhydrate 15 minutes before chloral hydrate. We find that there is no significant differences between these three sedation schemes in sedation, degree of postoperative sleeping time and vomiting incidence, therefore we can expect an effective sedation degree using any of these sedation methods.
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PMID:[Degree of sedation. Incidence of vomiting and time of postoperative sleep with 3 different oral administration schedules of hydroxyzine chlorhydrate and chloral hydrate]. 222 56

A double-blind study consisting of 339 randomly selected children investigated the effects of several premedicants on the preoperative and postoperative behaviour of children who underwent day-stay surgery. Patients were allocated into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 165 children aged between 6 and 47 months. Group 2 consisted of 174 children aged four years and older to a body weight of 50 kg. Each child received one premedicant. Both groups included alprazolam 0.005 mg/kg, midazolam 0.3 mg/kg and placebo. In addition Group 1 included chloral hydrate 40 mg/kg and Group 2 diazepam 0.25 mg/kg. Chloral hydrate produced superior conditions (more patients calm or asleep) at induction of anaesthesia. Postoperative behaviour and incidence of vomiting were similar for all drugs. No premedicant reduced anxiety in the older group. The time to awaken postoperatively with diazepam was longer than with placebo. Alprazolam and midazolam were unpalatable for children over four years and conferred no advantage over placebo.
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PMID:Oral premedication in children: a comparison of chloral hydrate, diazepam, alprazolam, midazolam and placebo for day surgery. 236 91

Chloral hydrate is an oral sedative commonly used in pediatric dentistry when providing extensive treatment in the young child. This article reports the results of a clinical trial using an orally administered dose of chloral hydrate at 75 mg/kg of body weight plus nitrous oxide and oxygen. A method for administering the drug that minimizes initial drug expectoration and vomiting is also presented. Because a reliable method for delivery of chloral hydrate is essential in a study of the ideal effective dose, the authors describe a technique that makes this portion of the treatment process as pleasant as possible by associating the drug with a product known to be pleasing to most children of this age group. The results of the clinical trial of 50 patients revealed that 29 children (58%) slept through the entire procedure and 14 (28%) of the children presented only mild resistance either during anesthesia and/or treatment. If some mild resistance is acceptable to the practitioner then there was an approximately 85% success rate. The authors concluded that chloral hydrate used at a 75 mg/kg dose and supplemented by nitrous oxide/oxygen is a safe and reliably effective sedative for the preschool child.
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PMID:Chloral hydrate sedation: a simple technique. 772 18

The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the safety and efficacy of chloral hydrate sedation in children with known or suspected congenital heart disease. The study population included 405 children with a median age of 13 months (3 weeks to 14 years). Cyanotic heart disease was present in 64 of the children. The median dosage of chloral hydrate given was 77 mg/kg, with a range of 25 to 125 mg/kg. Sedation was achieved in 397 (98%) of the children. The complete study time averaged 2.2 hours (range, 1.6 to 5.2 hours). The time to achieve sedation was 30 minutes or less in 82%, more than 30 but less than 60 minutes in 12%, and more than 60 minutes in 4%; 2% failed to achieve sedation. Children aged 3 years or younger were more likely to be successfully sedated with chloral hydrate (p = 0.003). The type of heart disease did not affect the success of sedation. No child had a clinically significant change in heart rate or blood pressure during sedation; however, oxygen saturation decreased in 24 (6%) of 397 children successfully sedated. Decreases in oxygen saturation occurred more commonly in children with trisomy 21 (7/13) than in children without genetic syndromes (17/384). Vomiting occurred in 23 (6%) of the 405 study subjects, usually immediately after drug administration. Chloral hydrate is a safe and effective agent for sedation of children with known or suspected congenital heart disease who are undergoing echocardiography in the outpatient cardiology clinic.
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PMID:Safety and efficacy of chloral hydrate sedation in children undergoing echocardiography. 876 29

Chloral hydrate (CAS 302-17-0, Chloraldurat), a widely used hypnotic and sedative agent was investigated on its dependence potential in normal Cynomolgus monkeys following oral administration for 6 weeks. Based on the results of a pilot experiment in this study the maximum therapeutic dose was employed (30 mg/kg b.w./day) and an approximately 3-fold higher dose (100 mg/kg b.w./day). The test substance was administered twice a day at interval of 12 h in order to simulate the worst-case situation. In this study there was no indication for any physical dependence potential following a 6-week treatment period with chloral hydrate at dose levels of 2 x 30 and 2 x 100 mg/kg b.w./day, by gavage. In contrast, the positive control substance flunitrazepam (CAS 1622-62-4) in dose level of 2 x 2 mg/kg b.w./day, by gavage possessed a pronounced physical dependence potential. During the withdrawal period flunitrazepam resulted in am impaired motor coordination, tremor, hyperirritability, restlessness and - occasionally - grimacing, an impaired perception, convulsions, emesis and increased body temperature lasting for approximately 7 days after the last application. Symptoms were most pronounced 12 h after the last application (theoretically the next application).
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PMID:Examination of the dependence potential of chloral hydrate by oral administration to normal monkeys. 912 72