Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twelve taste repellents and 3 oral emetics were tested. The taste repellents were capsaicin, capsicum, oleoresin, sucrose octaacetate, quinine tonic, quassia wood extract, vanillamide, horseradish extract, caffeine, pepperoni enhancer, acorn extract, and commercially available bitter and hot flavors. The emetics tested were: antimony potassium tartrate, apomorphine, and copper sulfate. Intake of a 20% sucrose solution by Beagles was significantly depressed by addition of vanillamide at concentrations greater than 0.001%, by capsicum and capsaicin at concentrations greater than 0.01%, and by horseradish extract, pepperoni enhancer, and a commercially available hot flavor at concentrations greater than 0.1%. Antimony potassium tartrate, when added to the 20% sucrose solution at a concentration of 0.1%, produced emesis as did apomorphine at a concentration of 0.005% and copper sulfate at 1%. When the emetic antimony potassium tartrate was combined with vanillamide in a 20% sucrose solution, intake was reduced to less than 20 ml, and vomiting occurred within 15 minutes. Capsaicin (0.02%) inhibited intake of ethylene glycol to less than the lethal dose in 5 dogs tested. Incorporation of such taste repellents and/or emetics into potentially poisonous substances would reduce accidental poisoning of animals and children.
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PMID:Use of taste repellants and emetics to prevent accidental poisoning of dogs. 647 61

Spontaneous ventriculocisternostomy rarely occurs in obstructive hydrocephalus. The authors experienced a case of spontaneous ventriculocisternostomy diagnosed by CT scan with metrizamide and Conray. Patient was 23-year-old male who had been in good health until one month before admission, when he began to have headache and tinnitus. He noticed bilateral visual acuity was decreased about one week before admission and vomiting appeared two days before admission. He was admitted to our hospital because of bilateral papilledema and remarkable hydrocephalus diagnosed by CT scan. On admission, no abnormal neurological signs except for bilateral papilledema were noted. Immediately, right ventricular drainage was performed. Pressure of the ventricle was over 300 mmH2O and CSF was clear. PVG and PEG disclosed an another cavity behind the third ventricle, which was communicated with the third ventricle, and occlusion of aqueduct of Sylvius. Metrizamide CT scan and Conray CT scan showed a communication between this cavity and quadrigeminal and supracerebellar cisterns. On these neuroradiological findings, the diagnosis of obstructive hydrocephalus due to benign aqueduct stenosis accompanied with spontaneous ventriculocisternostomy was obtained. Spontaneous ventriculocisternostomy was noticed to produce arrest of hydrocephalus, but with our case, spontaneous regression of such symptoms did not appeared. In the literature, arrest of hydrocephalus was noted in 50 per cent of 14 cases of obstructive hydrocephalus with spontaneous ventriculocisternostomy. By surgical ventriculocisternostomy (method by Torkildsen, Dandy, or Scarff), arrest of hydrocephalus was seen in about 50 to 70 per cent, which was the same results as those of spontaneous ventriculocisternostomy. It is concluded that VP shunt or VA shunt is thought to be better treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus than the various kinds of surgical ventriculocisternostomy.
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PMID:[Case of spontaneous ventriculocisternostomy: with special reference to a CT finding]. 660 89

Clinicopathologic findings were retrospectively evaluated in 26 cats and 24 dogs with ethylene glycol intoxication. Common clinical signs were ataxia, depression, vomiting, and hypothermia. Characteristic alterations in the hemogram and serum chemical profile included neutrophilia, lymphopenia, azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, and decreased whole blood bicarbonate. Common urinalysis findings included isosthenuria, proteinuria, glucosuria, hematuria, calcium oxalate and hippurate crystalluria, and the presence of renal epithelial cells, white blood cells, and granular and cellular casts in the urine sediment. The high death rate (78%) was attributed to delays in presentation, diagnosis, and therapy.
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PMID:Clinicopathologic findings in dogs and cats with ethylene glycol intoxication. 669 34

In a prospective cohort study, which was carried out at the department for abdominal surgery of the university of Mainz from June to December 1993, two methods of bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery were compared: oral bowel preparation with Fordtran a new polyethylene glycol solution (63 patients), and whole-gut lavage with Ringer's solution (37 patients). The serum chloride levels and the bodyweight increased significantly more in the whole-gut lavage group. These patients also showed a higher frequency of vomiting during bowel preparation. Neither the bowel cleansing effect nor the postoperative complications differed significantly between the two groups. Owing to these results, the better patient acceptance, and the easier handling and lower costs of PEG solution, we recommend this method of preoperative bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery.
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PMID:[Orthograde intestinal irrigation or Fordtran solution for bowel preparation in elective colorectal surgery. Prospective outcome study]. 855 1

Carboxyamido-triazole (CAI) is a synthetic inhibitor of non-excitable calcium channels that reversibly inhibits angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation, and metastatic potential. Inhibition of calcium influx and calcium-dependent events is a potential common mechanism underlying these effects of CAI. The cytostatic and antiangiogenic properties of CAI led to its development for clinical investigation. In a Phase I clinical trial open to patients with refractory solid tumors, 49 patients received p.o. administered CAI daily or every other day. Two oral formulations, PEG-400 CAI solution and a gelatin capsule containing CAI in PEG-400, were tested. All administered dosages of CAI yielded plasma concentration at or above the range demonstrated to be effective in inhibiting signaling and cancer progression in vitro and in preclinical models (1 microgram/ml, 2.3 microM). Toxicity of p.o. administered CAI most commonly consisted of dose-related grade 1-2 nausea, vomiting, and occasional anorexia. CAI administration at bedtime ameliorated gastrointestinal complaints in many patients; others required addition of simple antiemetic regimens, usually consisting of metoclopropamide or prochlorperazine. Gastrointestinal complaints were the cause for compliance-limiting toxicity at 175 mg/m2/day of the liquid formulation and 125 mg/m2/day of the gelatin capsule formation. Reversible and rare sensory axonal neuropathy (grade 3, 1 patient) and neutropenia (grade 4, 1 patient) were dose-limiting toxicities observed at the 330 mg/m2 every-other-day liquid CAI dose level. No evidence of cumulative end organ damage or central nervous system injury was observed. Disease stabilization and improvement in performance status was observed. Disease stabilization and improvement in performance status was observed in 49% of evaluable patients who had disease progression before CAI. Disease stabilization and associated improvement in performance status was seen in patients with renal cell carcinoma (7 months), pancreaticobiliary carcinomas (3, 5, and 5 months), melanoma (7 months), ovarian cancer (7 months), and non-small cell lung cancer (3 months). The recommended Phase II doses from this trial are 150 mg/m2/day in the liquid formation and 100 mg/m2/day in the gelatin capsule formation.
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PMID:Clinical investigation of a cytostatic calcium influx inhibitor in patients with refractory cancers. 856 73

Double-contrast enema is often unsuccessful in elderly patients because of their poor cooperation and colon cleaning. This work was aimed at showing that a well-done single-contrast exam with simple colon lavage can make a very good alternative to double-contrast enema in elderly patients. Thus, 66 consecutive elderly patients (age range: 70-90 years) were submitted, over a 6-month period (June-December, 1994), to single-contrast enema, after colon cleaning with oral whole-gut lavage, using an osmotically balanced electrolyte solution (Isocolan, Bracco) containing polyethylenglycol (PEG 4000). We examined, in each patient: a) the tolerance to and effectiveness of bowel cleaning, according to the liquid volume drunk by each subject, needed to obtain clear diarrhea; b) radiograph quality. Successful colon cleaning was achieved with a mean (2.5-3 liters) and a large (3.5-4 liters) amount of solution, in 80% and 20% of our patients, respectively. Tolerance was good in the whole series except for 3 patients with emesis. Moreover, radiograph quality was good in 85% of the subjects. Finally, barium enema results, compared with endoscopic results, yielded 27 true positives, 3 false negatives (small neoplastic lesions) and 1 false positive. Therefore, in our opinion, these results confirm the role of single-contrast enema, combined with gut lavage, in elderly patients.
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PMID:[Single-contrast enema after colon lavage in the elderly patient]. 869 28

1. A chronic alcoholic with severe metabolic acidosis presents a difficult diagnostic problem. The most common cause is alcoholic ketoacidosis, a syndrome with a typical history but often misleading laboratory findings. This paper will focus on this important and probably underdiagnosed syndrome. 2. The disorder occurs in alcoholics who have had a heavy drinking-bout culminating in severe vomiting, with resulting dehydration, starvation, and then a beta-hydroxybutyrate dominated ketoacidosis. 3. Awareness of this syndrome, thorough history-taking, physical examination and routine laboratory analyses will usually lead to a correct diagnosis. 4. The treatment is simply replacement of fluid, glucose, electrolytes and thiamine. Insulin or alkali should be avoided. 5. The most important differential diagnoses are diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis and salicylate, methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning, conditions which require quite different treatment. 6. The diagnostic management of unclear cases should always include toxicological tests, urine microscopy for calcium oxalate crystals and calculation of the serum anion and osmolal gaps. 7. It is suggested here, however, that the value of the osmolal gap should be considered against a higher reference limit than has previously been recommended. An osmolal gap above 25 mosm/kg, in a patient with an increased anion gap acidosis, is a strong indicator of methanol or ethylene glycol intoxication.
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PMID:Severe metabolic acidosis in the alcoholic: differential diagnosis and management. 879 30

A 36-year-old man with a history of depression presented to the emergency department after ingesting approximately 3,000 mL of ethylene glycol antifreeze in a suicide attempt. The patient's ethylene glycol concentration, 1,889 mg/dL, was higher than any level previously documented in the medical literature. Although his course was complicated by nausea, emesis, lethargy, metabolic acidosis, and kidney failure, the patient survived without persistent kidney failure or other chronic problems. Sustained hemodialysis and ethanol infusion were instituted in the ED, on the basis of the patient's history, before laboratory confirmation of the ingestion was obtained.
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PMID:Emergency department hemodialysis in a case of severe ethylene glycol poisoning. 986 97

Polyethylene glycol (Klean-Prep, Norgine) is widely used for bowel cleansing in the United Kingdom. This study compares the efficacy, acceptability and adverse effects of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution with sodium phosphate (Fleet Phospho-soda, De Witt) for bowel preparation prior to colonoscopy. Two hundred and nine consecutive patients were prospectively randomised to either PEG or sodium phosphate (SP) preparation. The endoscopist was blinded to the randomisation process. Fifty patients were excluded from the study because of previous colectomies or incomplete data. Of the remaining 159 patients, 88 had been randomised to the PEG group and 71 to the SP group. There was no difference in sex distribution between the groups. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of patient acceptability, side effects (nausea/vomiting and abdominal cramps), adequacy of bowel preparation and colonoscopy completion rates. 74% of the PEG and 70.4% of the SP group were rated by the endoscopist as having good or excellent bowel preparation. Sodium phosphate is well tolerated without additional side effects when compared with PEG solution. Both solutions were found to be equally effective in bowel cleansing.
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PMID:A prospective randomised study comparing polyethylene glycol and sodium phosphate bowel cleansing solutions for colonoscopy. 1066 31

L-asparaginase is widely used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and adults. Use of L-aspa E. Coli as well as Erwinase is not possible in all cases because of the side effects, mainly allergic reactions and disfunction of pancreas. Recently, the new form of the enzyme PEG-L-asparaginase was introduced. Binding L-asparaginase E. coli to polyethylene glycol a decreased its toxicity, extended its plasma half-live, not significantly affecting the efficacy. The aim of the study was to examine the results of PEG-L-asparaginase administration in five children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and the symptoms of intolerance to L-aspa E. Coli or Erwinase. There were three children with newly diagnosed ALL and two children with first relapse of ALL, treated according to New York Protocol and BFM-90 Protocol for ALL relapses respectively. PEG-L-asparaginase (Oncaspar) was administered in the dose of 2500 IU/m2. According to the protocol four children received 11 courses of treatment with the full dose of the drug. The number of doses for individual patient varied from one to six. The short-lived nettlerash was observed in one patient during two subsequent infusions of the drug. Hydrocortisone and antihistamine drugs were administered. Treatment with PEG-asparaginase was discontinued in one child, who developed dyspnea, nausea, vomiting and face rash during the third dose of the drug. Oncaspar is the valuable drug, which enabled continuation of treatment according to protocol in four out of five children with bad tolerance to routinely used L-asparaginase preparations.
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PMID:[New possibilities of treatment with PEG-L-asparaginase in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia sensitized to l-asparaginase E.coli and erwinase]. 1073 74


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