Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study aims to assess the dental status of anorexics and bulimics by comparison to age-matched controls. One hundred and eight individuals participated, of which 58 had an eating disorder. This group were further subdivided into bulimics who induced vomiting (33), bulimics who did not vomit (7), and anorexics (18). The caries experience (DMFS), plaque levels, gingival inflammation and buffering capacity of saliva were assessed and total vomiting episodes estimated from the product of vomiting frequency and duration. Statistical analysis (one way ANOVA) revealed no significant differences with most of the dental variables between the eating disorder groups and the controls. A linear association (Pearson correlation coefficient) between vomiting frequency, duration or total vomiting episodes and tooth wear was not found, although the frequency of pathological tooth wear is significantly high in the vomiting bulimic group, especially if the total number of vomiting episodes is greater than 1100.
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PMID:The orodental status of anorexics and bulimics. 277 88

The aim of this study was to establish whether nitrous oxide has a clinically important effect on postoperative vomiting in children after myringotomy. We studied 320 healthy children of ages 0.5-13 yr undergoing elective myringotomy and tube insertion. Induction and maintenance of anaesthesia were randomized to inhalation with either 70% N2O/30% O2/halothane or 100%O2/halothane. Surgical technique and postoperative management were not influenced by this study. Vomiting in the recovery room (PAR) and Day Care Surgical Unit (DCSU) was recorded by nurses unaware of the anaesthetic technique. Parents were contacted 24-48 hr after surgery to ascertain the incidence of vomiting after discharge. The groups were similar with respect to demographic data, except that the anaesthesia time was greater among the 158 patients in the N2O-treated group (11 +/- 4 vs 12 +/- 4 min, mean +/- SD). The incidence of vomiting was 13% in both groups. Most of the 42 patients that had emesis only vomited once or twice. The incidence of vomiting was not altered by sex (13% vs 13%) or duration of anaesthesia. The incidence of vomiting increased with increasing age. The children aged less than 3 yr vomited 4% of the time, those aged 3-5 vomited 11% of the time, those aged 6-8 yr vomited 17% of the time, while the incidence of vomiting among those aged 9-13 yr was 31%. Vomiting prolonged the postoperative hospital stay from 75 to 92 min, P < 0.001, ANOVA. In summary, we have been unable to demonstrate that N2O induces vomiting by children after a brief general anaesthetic for myringotomy.
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PMID:Nitrous oxide does not increase vomiting in children after myringotomy. 778 20

The potency of S-(+)-ketamine is approximately double that of the racemic ketamine. This study was carried out to investigate the recovery of cerebral electrical function after a bolus of 1.3 mg/kg ketamine or 0.65 mg/kg S-(+)-ketamine and subsequent continuous application of 4 mg/kg h ketamine per h or 2 mg/kg S-(+)-ketamine, per h for 15 min. Furthermore, the centrally acting, cholinergic agonist physostigmine has been reported to antagonize ketamine and to shorten the recovery period. Therefore, after S-(+)-ketamine 0.012 mg/kg physostigmine was tested against saline placebo. METHODS. With their own informed consent and the approval of the ethics committee 12 healthy volunteers were enrolled in a double-blind cross-over study. All drugs were dissolved in identical volumes. On three dates with intervals of at least 1 week between, ketamine/NaCl, S-(+)-ketamine/physostigmine or S-(+)-ketamine/NaCl was administered (Table 1). The sequence was randomized. The EEG was recorded from 20 sites according to the 10/20 system and after Fast-Fourier transformation computed into amplitudes within the delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands and within the total spectrum. The median, the spectral edge frequency and the dominant frequency (dF) were also determined. Mean values of all electrodes before and at 10, 15, 30, 45 and 195 min after the bolus injection were compared using two-dimensional analysis of variance (ANOVA, significance level P < 0.05). RESULTS. The characteristic increase in theta-amplitude and decrease of alpha-amplitude were observed after ketamine and S-(+)-ketamine. Median and dF dropped from the alpha to the theta frequency range. Ketamine led to a greater increase in total, delta, theta and beta amplitude during anaesthesia. 3 hours after ketamine/S-(+)-ketamine anaesthesia a significant decrease in the median and dominant frequency and in total, delta, theta, alpha and beta amplitudes confirmed residual impairment of cerebral function after all study drugs. No differences were found between physostigmine and placebo. DISCUSSION. The EEG changes during ketamine/S-(+)-ketamine administration suggest a slightly deeper anaesthetic level after ketamine. The course of recovery was not different after ketamine and after S-(+)-ketamine. The spectral edge frequency did not differ between measurement points, and is therefore not suitable for assessment of the depth of anaesthesia reached with ketamine/S-(+)-ketamine. The dose of physostigmine tested was probably too low to produce antagonism of S-(+)-ketamine. An increased dosage of physostigmine has yet to be studied, but is likely to cause a higher rate of side effects, such as nausea, vomiting and bradycardia, and possibly even tonic-clonic seizures.
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PMID:[Ketamine racemate versus S-(+)-ketamine with or without antagonism with physostigmine. A quantitative EEG study on volunteers]. 784 Apr 18

The purpose of this study was to document the emetogenic potential of intrathecal chemotherapy (IC) in children and to evaluate the efficacy of ondansetron in reducing nausea and vomiting with this chemotherapy treatment. Patients less than 18 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were eligible to participate in a survey project measuring the emetogenic potential of various chemotherapy treatments. Patients surveyed for 1 or more IC treatments were included in this report. The IC consisted of methotrexate, hydrocortisone and cytarabine, dosed according to patient age. A nausea/vomiting survey instrument was completed by each patient and/or parent following IC treatment. The instrument rated nausea, vomiting and daily activity interference (DAI) on a 4-point scale of 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe, and collected data on the number of vomiting and/or retching episodes in addition to the child's appetite following the chemotherapy treatment. When ondansetron was employed, it was administered in an i.v. infusion at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg before and after chemotherapy or as an oral dose of 4 mg or 8 mg before chemotherapy. Courses of IC without antiemetics were analyzed to determine the emetogenic potential of IC. For patients receiving IC both with and without ondansetron, courses were compared with each patient used as their own control to determine the influence of ondansetron upon survey responses. Statistical analysis consisted of nonparametric Friedman 2-way ANOVA for ordinal variables and a paired t-test for continuous variables. The binomial test was employed to analyze for differences between ondansetron and no antiemetic in the number of patients with complete control of both nausea and vomiting or vomiting alone. A total of 63 children with a mean age of 7.6 +/- 4.2 years were each studied on one or more occasions. Thirty-seven children were surveyed for 87 IC treatments without antiemetics (group I), and 17 children from this group were surveyed for 48 IC courses with i.v. ondansetron (group IA). An additional 18 children were subsequently surveyed for 39 IC courses with i.v. ondansetron (group II). Fifteen patients (7 of whom were members of group I) were surveyed following 33 IC courses with oral ondansetron (group III). The survey scores for group I patients were: nausea severity 1.3 +/- 1.1, vomiting severity 1.2 +/- 1.1, DAI 1.2 +/- 1.0 and mean number of emetic episodes 4.7 +/- 8.4. The mean appetite score was 1.5 +/- 1.1. For patients in group IA, nausea severity (0.8 +/- 0.9), vomiting severity (0.5 +/- 0.8), DAI (0.7 +/- 0.8), and the number of emetic episodes (1.4 +/- 2.8) were all significantly lower than with prior IC treatments without ondansetron. For complete protection, children receiving i.v. ondansetron had greater complete protection rates from both nausea and vomiting or vomiting alone than did patients receiving no antiemetic. Survey responses were also lower for patients receiving oral ondansetron, but insufficient control data did not allow for statistical analysis. IC results in mild to moderate nausea and vomiting in children. The emetogenic potential of IC is significantly reduced by i.v. ondansetron.
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PMID:Assessment of the emetogenic potential of intrathecal chemotherapy and response to prophylactic treatment with ondansetron. 954 Jan 72

Patients with fat intolerance complain of early satiety, bloating, nausea, and vomiting. Since these symptoms are similar to those of patients with postgastrectomy dumping syndrome, we hypothesized that fat intolerance may be associated with early, rapid gastric emptying. Using a three-meal gastric emptying study, we compared gastric emptying in nine patients with a history of fat intolerance and nine normal volunteers. On three separate days, 500-ml radiolabeled test meals containing 0, 15, or 60 g of fat were studied. The percentages of the test meal emptied at 15 and 60 min were analyzed by repeated measures two-way ANOVA. At 15 min (p < 0.05) but not 60 min, gastric emptying was faster in patients than normals. Gastric emptying at 15 min (p < 0.001) and 60 min (p < 0.001) depended on the dose of fat. We conclude that fat intolerance is associated with early, rapid gastric emptying.
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PMID:Fat intolerance depends on rapid gastric emptying. 1006 19

Forty-five adults undergoing thoracotomy were randomized to receive placebo, tenoxicam 20 mg or tenoxicam 40 mg IV during chest wall closure. All patients received intraoperative fentanyl and intercostal blocks followed by morphine by patient-controlled analgesia. Patient numbers 13 to 45 also received thoracic epidural analgesia by continuous infusion of bupivacaine 0.125%, patient numbers 25 to 45 having fentanyl 2 microg/ml added to the epidural infusion. Efficacy parameters and adverse reactions were assessed over the first 24 hours postoperatively. On a 100 mm visual analogue scale, mean (SD) pain at rest (adjusted area under curve for hours 1 to 24) was 25.8 (12.5), 17.4 (14.8) and 16.5 (13.3) mm for groups receiving placebo, 20 mg and 40 mg tenoxicam, respectively (ANOVA: P<0.05). There were no significant differences between study groups postoperatively in pain on coughing, opioid consumption, blood gas measurements, nausea, vomiting, sedation, blood loss, haemoglobin or serum creatinine. One patient in each tenoxicam group reported epigastric pain, rated moderate. These data support the inclusion of tenoxicam 20 mg IV in the management of pain at rest for patients undergoing thoracotomy, but do not show additional benefit for a higher dose.
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PMID:Tenoxicam 20 mg or 40 mg after thoracotomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 1200 22

The aim of the current study was to analyse selected parameters of pH monitoring in the proximal and distal parts of esophagus. One hundred and twelve infants aged 1.25 to 18 months (mean = 5.6) with symptoms and signs suggesting gastroesophageal reflux (GER) were evaluated. The results are presented of the measurement of reflux index (RI), the number of reflux episodes and the duration of the longest reflux episode in patients classified into the following groups: group I--39 children with vomiting/excessive regurgitation, group II--29 infants with persistent distress/inconsolable crying, group III--16 children with Apparent Life Threatening Events (ALTE), group IV--28 infants with chronic/recurrent respiratory system diseases. No statistically significant difference was noted between the groups in pH parameters at the distal esophageal level, whereas at the proximal level the differences included only the number of reflux episodes. However, we found, that by using the ANOVA test, the incidence was higher in group IV than in group II. As determined by applying Mann-Whitney rank sum test, reflux episodes occurred most frequently in group IV, than in other groups of patients (including controls). None of the reflux parameters recorded at the proximal level among children presenting with ALTE was statistically significantly different than in other groups.
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PMID:[Dual simultaneous esophageal pH monitoring in infants with gastroesophageal reflux]. 1293 13

Dopamine2 (D2)-like receptor antagonists are widely used for the treatment of gastroparesis and vomiting. Metoclopramide (MCP), a peripheral and central D2-like receptor antagonist, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and may alter autonomic modulation, but the net effect of MCP to the heart is not known. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of MCP on cardiac autonomic modulation, using power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. We evaluated the effect of MCP on cardiac autonomic modulation during prolonged supine and standing positions in 9 healthy men. We intravenously administered 10 mg MCP and placebo in a double blind and crossover manner to all participants during continuous electrocardiography recording. Placebo or MCP was administered after 15 minutes in supine position (REST phase), where participants remained for an additional 50 minutes (PSUP phase) and then stood up for 10 minutes (STA phase). Five-minute intervals were selected for power spectral analysis, and average values were calculated for low frequency (LF), normalized unit of LF (LFnu), high frequency (HF), normalized unit of HF (HFnu) components of the power spectrum, and for LF/HF ratio.Heart rate alterations were statistically significant during placebo administration (Friedman's p < 0.0001). These changes were related to the decrease in PSUP phase and increase in STA phase in post hoc analyses. There was a trend toward lower LFnu in PSUP phase (Friedman's p = 0.050), but LF/HF ratio changes did not reach a statistically significant level during placebo administration. MCP administration prevented the decrease in heart rate and LFnu component was seen with placebo in PSUP phase. Heart rate alterations also reached a significant level during MCP administration (Friedman's p = 0.002), and post hoc analyses showed that these changes were mainly related to the increase in STA phase. In contrast to placebo, MCP administration resulted in significant alterations in LFnu and LF/HF ratio (Friedman's p = 0.004 and p = 0.003, respectively). Two-way ANOVA model for LF/HF ratio changes showed that MCP induced a significant upward shift in LF/HF ratio than placebo during each phase of the study (F = 5.570; p = 0.031). We concluded that the net effect of MCP on sympathovagal balance is an increased sympathetic drive to the heart. MCP prevented the decrease in sympathetic drive to the heart during prolonged supine position and augmented sympathetic drive to the heart during mild sympathetic stimulation such as induced by standing up.
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PMID:The effect of dopamine type-2 receptor blockade on autonomic modulation. 1295 47

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intestinal electrical stimulation on small intestinal dysrhythmia and motion sickness-like symptoms induced by vasopressin. Female dogs chronically implanted with two pairs of electrodes on jejunum serosa were used in a four-session study. Saline and vasopressin were infused in sessions 1 and 2, respectively. Sessions 3 and 4 were the same as session 2, except a long- or short-pulse intestinal electrical stimulation was applied on the proximal pair of electrodes. Intestinal slow waves and motion sickness-like symptoms were recorded in each session. Results were as follows. (1) Vasopressin induced intestinal dysrhythmia, uncoupling of slow waves, and vomiting and motion sickness-like symptoms (P < 0.05, ANOVA). (2) Intestinal electrical stimulation with long pulses, but not short pulses, was capable of preventing vasopressin-induced intestinal dysrhythmia. (3) Intestinal electrical stimulation with short pulses, but not long pulses, prevented vomiting and the motion sickness-like symptoms. It is concluded that vasopressin induces intestinal dysrhythmia. Long-pulse intestinal stimulation normalizes vasopressin-induced intestinal slow-wave abnormalities with no improvement in symptoms. Short-pulse stimulation prevents emetic symptoms induced by vasopressin but has no effect on slow waves. These data suggest different mechanisms involved with different methods of intestinal stimulation.
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PMID:Effects of intestinal electrical stimulation on intestinal dysrhythmia and symptoms in dogs. 1525 90

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of acupressure for controlling post-cesarean section (CS) symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, anxiety perception and pain perception. A total of 104 eligible participants were recruited by convenience sampling of operating schedules at two hospitals. Participants assigned to the experimental group received acupressure, and those assigned to the control group received only postoperative nursing instruction. The experimental group received three acupressure treatments before CS and within the first 24 hours after CS. The first treatment was performed the night before CS, the second was performed 2-4 hours after CS, and the third was performed 8-10 hours after CS. The measures included the Rhodes Index of Nausea and Vomiting, Visual Analog Scale for Anxiety, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Visual Analog Scale for Pain, and physiologic indices. Statistical methods included percentages, mean value with standard deviation, t test and repeated measure ANOVA. The use of acupressure reduced the incidence of nausea, vomiting or retching from 69.3% to 53.9%, compared with control group (95% confidence interval = 1.65-0.11; p = 0.040) 2-4 hours after CS and from 36.2% to 15.4% compared with control group (95% confidence interval = 0.59-0.02; p = 0.024) 8-10 hours after CS. Results indicated that the experimental group had significantly lower anxiety and pain perception of cesarean experiences than the control group. Significant differences were found in all physiologic indices between the two groups. In conclusion, the utilization of acupressure treatment to promote the comfort of women during cesarean delivery is strongly recommended.
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PMID:Effect of acupressure on nausea, vomiting, anxiety and pain among post-cesarean section women in Taiwan. 1615 76


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