Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to determine the optimal effective dose of granisetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting, the drug was administered in doses of either 20, 40 or 60 micrograms.kg-1. The efficacy of granisetron was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind comparison with placebo in 100 patients undergoing general anaesthesia for major gynaecological surgery. The patients received a single dose of either granisetron or placebo (saline) iv immediately after recovery from anaesthesia. The effects were assessed during the 24 hr after recovery from anaesthesia by means of a nausea and vomiting score; 0 = no emetic symptoms, 1 = nausea, 2 = vomiting. The treatment groups were similar for patient characteristics, surgical procedures and anaesthetics administered. The mean scores were 0.7, 0.6, 0.2 and 0.2 after administration of placebo, granisetron 20, 40 and 60 micrograms.kg-1, respectively. Granisetron 40 micrograms.kg-1 was as effective as 60 micrograms.kg-1 and both resulted in reduction of the scores compared with placebo and granisetron 20 micrograms.kg-1 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, granisetron 40 micrograms.kg-1 is considered to be the appropriate dosage for preventing postoperative emesis after anaesthesia.
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PMID:Optimal anti-emetic dose of granisetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. 2318 32

Twenty-three patients with gynecological cancer who were treated with 85 cycles of cytotoxic chemotherapy containing platinum received intravenous granisetron repeatedly. Granisetron (3 mg/body) was drip-infused twice for each cycle at a 24-hour interval. The antiemetic efficacy was evaluated and compared for each day and each cycle, and analysed using the chi-square and H tests. There were no significant differences between the first cycle and the subsequent second through fifth cycles in the severity of nausea and the frequency of vomiting. The latter tended to increase in the second day of each cycle. These results indicated that granisetron does not decrease in antiemetic efficacy by repeated administration during multiple cycles of anti-cancer chemotherapy.
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PMID:[Antiemetic efficacy of the repeated use of granisetron in multiple cycles of anti-cancer chemotherapy]. 799 17

In ferrets, the highly selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, granisetron, abolished or reduced emesis induced by cisplatin (10 mg/kg i.v.) or whole body X-irradiation (50 Gy in 10.4 min) in a dose-dependent manner when administered by a variety of routes (intravenous, per os, subcutaneous, intramuscular). Complete protection from vomiting and retching was achieved with 0.5 mg/kg i.v. or p.o. granisetron. Granisetron (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) was also effective when given 6 h before cisplatin, completely protecting 50% of ferrets for a total of 10 h. Following repeat dosing, for either 4 days i.v. or 10 days p.o. before emetic challenge, granisetron (0.5 mg/kg) still retained its antiemetic activity on the 5th or 11th day. Prior treatment with cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg i.v.) resulted in a significantly shorter time to the onset of vomiting after exposure to X-irradiation. Granisetron, but not saline, abolished vomiting and nausea when given as intervention after this combined emetic regimen. These results show that granisetron has potential flexibility for administration via a variety of different routes and also a long duration of action when used as an antiemetic against a wide range of cytostatic agents.
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PMID:Further studies of the antiemetic activity of granisetron against whole body X-irradiation or cisplatin-induced emesis in the ferret. 801 89

In this double-blind study, the efficacy and safety of a single intravenous dose of a novel antiemetic, granisetron, was assessed at two dose levels (40 micrograms/kg and 160 micrograms/kg). A group of 355 patients were given prophylactic granisetron prior to receiving high-dose cisplatin chemotherapy. In the first 24 h, 57% and 59% of patients, respectively, experienced no vomiting and no more than mild nausea. Two further doses of granisetron (40 micrograms/kg) were permitted in the first 24 h to treat any emergent symptoms of nausea and vomiting; 66 patients (39%) in the 40-micrograms/kg treatment group and 56 patients (34%) in the 160-micrograms/kg group received at least one additional dose. Additional treatment with granisetron resulted in resolution or improvement of symptoms in at least 73% of these patients. Over the 7-day study period, 52% of patients in the lower-dose group and 48% in the higher required no further conventional antiemetic therapy. The two different dose levels were equal both in terms in efficacy and safety. Granisetron was well tolerated throughout the dose range of the study [40-240 micrograms kg-1 (24 h)-1]. The commonest adverse event was headache, seen in 14%-16% of patients. In all but one case this resolved spontaneously or responded to simple treatment.
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PMID:A dose-finding study of granisetron, a novel antiemetic, in patients receiving high-dose cisplatin. Granisetron Study Group. 803 4

Granisetron, a potent and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5-HT3) antagonist was reported to be an effective antiemetic agent both in animal studies and in patients given highly emetogenic chemotherapy. A sample of 43 patients with breast cancer was accrued from September to November 1992 in a phase II study to assess the efficacy of granisetron in patients receiving FEC (5-FU, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide). Each patient received 3 mg intravenous granisetron as a single dose just prior to chemotherapy. Oral metoclopromide was prescribed to each patient as a rescue anti-emetic. The emetic episodes and degree of nausea were evaluated on a daily basis. Good control of emesis (0-2 episodes of vomiting) and nausea (mild or no nausea) was in the range 77%-98% and 77%-93% respectively. There was a complete response (no emetic episodes throughout the 6-day period) in 16 patients (37.2%). Onset of emesis tends to occur on day 1 and tend to subside after day 3; 85% of patients had onset of emesis in the first 2 days after chemotherapy. Control of emesis and nausea tends to improve after day 3, which could be the result of the reduced emetogenicity of the combination FEC with time. Altogether, 77% had good control of acute emesis; control of delayed emesis was better with 84% achieving a major response on day 2 after chemotherapy, which improved to more than 90% after day 4. Granisetron was generally tolerated with headache being the most common side-effect followed by constipation and flushing. This study suggests that granisetron is an effective and well-tolerated anti-emetic agent, which deserves randomised trials to elucidate its efficacy further.
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PMID:Control of emesis by intravenous granisetron in breast cancer patients treated with 5-FU, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide. 803 7

Granisetron is the second agent in the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist class to be approved for the prophylaxis of acute emesis caused by cancer chemotherapy. It is equally effective to ondansetron as a first-line agent in the prevention of acute chemotherapy-induced emesis and has a similar low toxicity profile. Granisetron will be marketed in early 1994, according to SmithKline Beecham. Additional studies will be needed to determine the role of granisetron in the current management of chemotherapy-induced emesis.
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PMID:Granisetron. 805 27

Granisetron (3 mg/body) was administered immediately before single CDDP administration (80 mg/m2 or more) to 53 patients with lung cancer. This chemotherapy was performed a total of 73 times. Concerning Grade 2 or 3 nausea and vomiting, good conditions were observed on day 1 (day of treatment), most marked aggravation on day 2, and initiation of improvement on day 4. Vomiting was slight on day 1, most aggravated on day 2, but began to improve on day 3; good results were generally observed thereafter. Decreased appetite was slight on day 1, but was most aggravated on day 3 and 4; its recovery was delayed even until day 7. In the treatment for delayed emesis, comparison was made among the group treated with granisetron alone who did not require treatment for delayed emesis, the group with delayed emesis treated with granisetron, and the group with delayed emesis treated with drugs other than granisetron. Slightly better results were observed in terms of nausea, vomiting, and the frequency of vomiting in the group treated with granisetron alone on days 2 and 3. However, no significant difference was observed in decreased appetite among the 3 groups. Granisetron had no side effects and was safe. It inhibited vomiting, but measures to improve decreased appetite are needed.
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PMID:[Clinical effects and safety of granisetron administration against CDDP chemotherapy in lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group]. 806 Jan 41

The efficacy of Granisetron, a new and selective 5HT3-receptor-antagonist in the treatment of cytostatic induced emesis, was tested in the department of gynaecology and obstetrics of the University of Essen on 77 patients. The patients received cytostatic drugs with a high emetogenic potency (for example cisplatin) or with a moderately high emetogenic potency (for example cyclophosphamide). We were able to demonstrate the high antiemetic efficacy of Granisetron. We had in 63% of the cases a "complete response" during the first 24 h after the chemotherapy and a "complete response" of 60% for the "delayed emesis". The observed adverse reactions such as constipation and headache were easily solved with standard laxatives or standard analgesics. Because of the high efficacy of Granisetron, which was combined with a low rate of side effects, it was possible to give to all the 77 patients the complete and necessary chemotherapy, so that no patient refused to receive the chemotherapy just because of nausea or emesis. The use of Granisetron is therefore a major step forward in the care of patients receiving chemotherapy because nausea and emesis can be treated effectively.
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PMID:[Granisetron, a new and potent antiemetic for treatment of cytostatic drug-induced vomiting in gynecological malignancies]. 815 Feb 51

There is interest in the development of antiemetics other than dopamine receptor antagonists for the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A ferret model of morphine-induced emesis may have wider application in evaluating newer agents than the apomorphine dog model. This study describes the conditions for morphine-induced emesis in ferrets and evaluates five antiemetics that are prototypical of three different mechanisms. The average numbers of vomiting and retching episodes induced by morphine (0.1-2.5 mg/kg s.c.) were distributed as a bell-shaped curve. Maximum number of vomits occurred at 0.3 mg/kg (11.8 +/- 2.1 vomits; 45 +/- 12.5 retches). Antiemetics or vehicle were given i.v. 5 min prior to morphine while each ferret was maintained under isoflurane-O2 anesthesia. Ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, reduced vomiting episodes by 47% and 70% (3 and 10 mg/kg). Granisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist was inactive at doses of 0.1, 1.0, 3.0 and 10 mg/kg. Metoclopramide reduced vomiting episodes by 48% and 82% (3 and 10 mg/kg). Droperidol reduced vomiting episodes by 84% at 3 mg/kg. Naloxone reduced vomiting episodes by 91% and 43% at doses of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg. In most cases, prolonged latency times to the first episodes accompanied the reduction in total numbers of episodes. The significant reduction of morphine-induced emesis in the ferret by ondansetron, metoclopramide and droperidol is consistent with the reduction of postoperative emesis in man by these compounds when morphine was a component of the anesthetic regimen. These results suggested that the morphine ferret model may be useful for evaluating compounds having the potential for preventing and treating postoperative vomiting.
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PMID:The effects of different antiemetic agents on morphine-induced emesis in ferrets. 822 24

The antiemetic activity of granisetron was examined in ferrets aged 10-13 weeks. Emesis was induced by exposure to either whole-body X-irradiation (50 Gy over 10.4 min) or cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg i.v.) plus doxorubicin (6 mg/kg i.v.). Following exposure to whole-body X-irradiation, the young ferrets vomited with a similar latency to vomit and severity of emesis to that shown by adult animals. Granisetron (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) significantly reduced (P < or = 0.05) the number of vomits and retches and two out of four animals were completely protected. Following injection of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin, the young ferrets showed a reduced emetic response compared to adult animals. Following a dose of granisetron (0.5 mg/kg i.v.), only one out of four ferrets vomited compared to four out of four in the control group. Further experiments showed that cisplatin (12.5 mg/kg i.v.) was unable to induce vomiting in the young ferret (n = 2). Granisetron (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) was well tolerated by the young ferret and was able to reduce significantly or completely abolish emesis induced by cytostatic treatment. The data support the use of granisetron in pediatric patients and clinical trials are currently underway in this patient population.
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PMID:The antiemetic activity of granisetron against cytostatic-treatment-induced emesis in 10- to 13-week-old ferrets. 828 74


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