Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A parenteral cephem antibiotic ceftriaxone (CTRX) was studied for its pharmacokinetic features and clinical efficacy and safety in various infections in neonates including premature infants at 11 institutions associated with Japan Perinatal Infection Research Group. The following results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Following single intravenous bolus injections with 10 and 20 mg/kg of CTRX, serum levels of the drug at 30 minutes post-dose 36-42 micrograms/ml and 46-76 micrograms/ml, respectively, and those at 12 hours post-dose were 10-14 micrograms/ml and 13-21 micrograms/ml, respectively, in a total of 105 neonates. Serum levels detected were on very gentle descending curves. 2. Half-lives (T 1/2) of the drug in serum were significantly prolonged in 0-3 day age groups of both mature and premature infants: it was especially long in premature infants with age of 0-3 days; i.e., 17.1 hours. There was no difference in T 1/2 between the 4-7 day and 8-28 day age groups. 3. Urinary excretion rates were 20-30% in the first 6 hours post-dose and 30-40% in 12 hours post-dose, in 80 neonates examined. 4. Clinical efficacy: Clinical efficacies were evaluated in 112 of 168 enrolled excluding infants with 90 days of age or older, who were treated for prophylaxis and unevaluable cases. The safety was evaluated in 161 of the 168. (1) Demographic background of the 112 cases: The 112 cases were composed of 89 neonates with ages of 28 days or younger, 21 premature infants, 57 males and 55 females. The drug was given to 102 of the cases by intravenous bolus injection, with 81 cases administered twice a day and 97 cases receiving 10-50 mg/kg a day. (2) Efficacy rate in the 112 cases: In 60 cases for whom causative pathogens were identified the efficacy rate was 90.0% in total (excellent: 31/60; good: 23/60); efficacy rates of 87.5% were obtained in 8 cases with purulent meningitis and 90.9% in 11 with septicemia. In 52 with causative pathogen not identified, the efficacy rate was 96.2% in total (excellent: 21/52; good: 29/52). (3) Adverse reaction: Adverse reactions were noted in 14 of the 161 cases where the safety was evaluated (8.7%). These reactions included diarrhea in 11, vomiting in 2 and exanthema in 1. Abnormalities in laboratory test values were observed in 25 of the 152 cases (16.4%). They included eosinophilia in 14, elevated GOT in 4 and thrombocytosis in 3 etc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetics and clinical evaluation of ceftriaxone in neonates]. 307 15

In 1977, a controlled, prospective trial was initiated to test the hypothesis that excessive enterogastric (EG) reflux was responsible for a unique postgastrectomy syndrome, "alkaline reflux gastritis." Late (42 +/- 3 months) follow-up on all treated patients (N = 14; Rx = 45 cm Roux Y limb) is reported. The following parameters were assessed in symptomatic (N = 11 nonrefluxers, 15 refluxers) and asymptomatic postgastrectomy patients (N = 9): CCK-stimulated scintographically determined EG reflux (EGRI %), intragastric (IG) concentration of bile acids (BA, mM), net bile acid reflux/hr (microM), maximum acid output (mEq/hr), intragastric pH, gastric emptying of 99Tc-labeled solids (T 1/2; minutes), gastritis score (GS = 0-15), and specific symptomotology. A significant linear relationship was noted between intragastric BA concentration and the severity of histologic gastritis in the residual gastric pouch. As a group, excessive refluxers demonstrated significantly greater IG BA concentration, net BA reflux/hour, and EGRI than did either nonrefluxers or controls. Gastritis score in this group was also greater, intragastric pH higher, and maximal acid output (MAO) lower. Gastric emptying was not different between groups. Following Roux (N = 14), reflux was eliminated early and late, pH fell, MAO increased, and gastritis improved. Early marked delays in emptying occurred but normalized late and were rarely a clinical problem. Early symptomatic results were pain eliminated in 14/14, nausea in 8/14, vomiting 11/14, bilious vomiting in 14/14. Complications were one marginal ulcer (no vagotomy), two severe delays in emptying (simultaneous Roux + vagotomy). Late symptomatic results were recurrent or persistent pain in 4/14, nausea in 7/14, vomiting in 5/14. Bilious vomiting remains eliminated.
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PMID:Alkaline reflux gastritis. Late results on a controlled trial of diagnosis and treatment. 370 33

Fundamental and clinical studies have been performed on BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid 1 part-amoxicillin 2 parts) granules in the pediatric field. The antibacterial activities of BRL 25000 and amoxicillin (AMPC) were investigated against clinically isolated and laboratory stocked strains. BRL 25000 was superior to AMPC against strains of E. coli, Salmonella sp. and Klebsiella sp., and similar against Gram-positive cocci. Serum concentrations of AMPC and clavulanic acid (CVA) were measured 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after administration of BRL 25000 granules at dose levels of 7.5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg. At 7.5 mg/kg peak level of AMPC of 2.69 micrograms/ml was achieved about 2 hours after dosing with a biological half-life of 1.64 hours; corresponding value for CVA was 0.53 micrograms/ml at 1 hour with a T 1/2 of 1.46 hours. At 10 mg/kg, AMPC also peaked after 2 hours (3.82 micrograms/ml) and the T 1/2 was 1.63 hours, whilst for CVA the value was 0.56 micrograms/ml with a T 1/2 of 1.24 hours. Value for AMPC at 15 mg/kg was 5.18 micrograms/ml at 1 hour post dose with a T 1/2 of 1.48 hours, and for CVA 4.01 micrograms/ml at 1 hour with a T 1/2 of 0.89 hour. At the highest dose of 20 mg/kg, AMPC level reached 4.21 micrograms/ml after 2 hours with a T 1/2 of 2.39 hours, and the CVA peak was 1.64 micrograms/ml at 1 hour with a T 1/2 of 1.01 hours. The 6 hours urinary recovery of AMPC and CVA following administration of the BRL 25000 granules ranged from 38-64% and 2-33%, respectively. In the clinical studies, the BRL 25000 granules are administered to 15 cases with pediatric infections and the clinical response was excellent or good in all cases treated (100%). Bacteriological investigation was performed on 13 strains from 12 cases and all strains were eradicated (100%). Regarding side effects, elevation of eosinophil was observed in 1 case and vomiting in 3 cases.
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PMID:[Experimental and clinical studies on BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid-amoxicillin) granules in the pediatric field]. 384 21

Azithromycin (AZM) in 10% fine granules, a newly developed azalide antibiotic, was administered at a standard dose of 10 mg/kg once daily for 3 to 5 days (89.5% received 3 day administration) to children with infectious diseases and the efficacy and the safety of AZM were investigated. In addition AZM concentrations were determined in blood samples from 18 patients and in urine samples from 17 patients to examine o pharmacokinetic characteristics of AZM. 1. Absorption and excretion: Cmax's in 16 patients who received 10 mg/kg and 2 patients who received 20 mg/kg were 0.29 +/- 0.24 micrograms/ml and 0.75 micrograms/ml, respectively, while T 1/2's were 42.0 +/- 11.8 hours for the former and 51.3 hours for the latter. AUC(0 to approximately infinity)'s were 10.72 +/- 5.00 micrograms x hr/ml in the former and 28.83 micrograms x hr/ml in the latter. Urinary concentrations of AZM peaked at 48 to 72 hours after the administration of 10 mg/kg AZM in 14 patients, while it peaked at 24 to 48 hours in the patients who received 20 mg/kg. Urinary recovery rates in the first 120 hours after the start were 9.1 +/- 2.6% for 10 mg/kg and 10.8 +/- 3.4% for 20mg/kg. 2. Clinical efficacy: The study received 619 entries and 564 cases were evaluated for drug efficacy. The remaining were not evaluated because of dropout or exclusion. The efficacy rate, combining both "Excellent" and "Good" cases was 94.3% in 246 cases where pathogens were identified, classified as Group A. The efficacy rate was 90.7% for the remaining 321 cases, classified as Group B, where causative pathogens were unidentified. The difference between the two groups was no statistical significance. The combined efficacy rate was 92.2%. For the 116 cases where the patients had failed to respond to previous chemotherapies instituted for 3 days or longer, the efficacy rate for AZM was 94.0%. 3. Adverse reactions and abnormal laboratory tests: Incidents of diarrhea, soft stool, skin rashes, or vomiting were found in 15 patients (2.5%) of 596 cases eligible for evaluation. These reactions, however, were all transient and mild to moderate in severity in the 15 patients including 4 patients for whom the treatment was discontinued, all resolved in time. Abnormal changes in laboratory tests were found as follows: decrease in WBC in 23 patients (5.6%), increase in eosinophils in 28 (7.1%), increase in platelet count in 2 (0.5%), decrease in platelet count in 1 (0.3%), elevation of GOT in 3 (0.8%), and elevation of GPT in 6 (1.6%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies with azithromycin (fine granule) in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group of Azithromycin]. 747 29

Azithromycin (AZM) in 100 mg capsules, a newly developed azalide antibiotic, was administered at a standard dose of 10 mg/kg once daily for 3 to 5 days (89.9% received 3 day administration) to children with infectious diseases and the efficacy and the safety of AZM were investigated. In addition, AZM concentrations were determined in blood samples from 9 patients and in urine samples from 12 patients to examine pharmacokinetic characteristics of AZM. 1. Absorption and excretion: Cmax was 0.45 +/- 0.28 micrograms/ml, T 1/2 was 52.7 +/- 20.2 hours, and AUC(0 approximately to infinity) was 12.09 +/- 4.93 micrograms.hr/ml in the 9 patients each of whom received 8.5 to 14.3 mg/kg AZM. Urinary concentrations of AZM peaked at 48 to 72 hours after the administration of 8.5 to 14.7 mg/kg AZM in 12 patients and the average urinary recovery rate in 120 hours was 7.3 +/- 2.8%. 2. Clinical efficacy: The study received 139 entries and 119 cases were evaluated for drug efficacy. The remaining were not evaluated because of dropout or exclusion. The efficacy rate combining both "Excellent" and "Good" cases, was 100% for 40 cases in which pathogens were identified, classified as Group A. The efficacy rate was 97.5% for the remaining 79 cases, classified as Group B, where causative pathogens were unidentified. The difference between the two groups was no statistical significance. The combined efficacy rate was 98.3%. For the 31 cases where the patients had failed to respond to the previous chemotherapies instituted for 3 days or longer, the efficacy rate for AZM was 93.5%. 3. Adverse reactions and abnormal laboratory tests: 8 incidents of diarrhea, skin rashes, urticaria, or vomiting were found in 7 patients (5.4%) of 130 cases eligible for evaluation. These reactions, however, were all transient and mild to moderate in severity in the 7 patients including 2 patients for whom the treatment was discontinued, all resolved in time. Abnormal changes in laboratory tests were found as follows: decrease in WBC in 10 patients (9.3%), an increase in eosinophils in 12 (11.4%), an increase in platelet count in 1 (1.0%), an elevation of GOT in 3 (3.1%), an elevation of GPT in 6 (6.2%), and an elevation of LDH in 1 (1.1%). The abnormalities were transient and did not require particular intervention. Moreover, none of the patients indicated clinical signs associated with the abnormal changes of laboratory tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies with azithromycin (capsule) in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group of Azithromycin]. 747 30

We report a patient of atypical type of Sturge-Weber syndrome who demonstrated a reversible change by MRI FLAIR method in ictus and postictal state. A 5-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital because of severe headache, vomiting and loss of consciousness with his eyes conjugated to left for a few minutes. He had no facial nevus and other abnormal findings in physical examination. CT scan showed two small calcifications in the right occipital lobe. Postcontrast T 1-weighted image of MRI demonstrated a right parieto-occipital leptomeningeal enhancement. We diagnosed this case as an atypical type of Sturge-Weber syndrome. Although, on admission, FLAIR method showed the area of high signal intensity, after anticonvulsant therapy, those abnormal area disappeared. It is presumably detected by FLAIR method slight extravasation of plasma element in the surface of the brain due to regional hyperperfusion in ictus.
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PMID:[A case of atypical type of Sturge-Weber syndrome demonstrated reversible change by MRI FLAIR method in ictus and in postictal state]. 1045 52

The aim of this study was to compare antiemetic efficacy of three serotonin antagonists, granisetron, tropisetron and ondansetron, during conditioning for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Forty-five malignant lymphoma patients (mean age 38 years, M:F 30:15), undergoing the highly emetogenic regimen BEAM prior to ASCT, were randomized to receive IV granisetron (G) 3 mg once a day, IV tropisetron (T) 5 mg once a day, or IV ondansetron (0) 8 mg twice daily, for six days. The treatment groups were comparable with respect to age, sex and previous experience of nausea and/or vomiting. Nausea and/or emesis control failure was defined as a nausea lasting > or = 4 hours and/or > or = 3 episodes of vomiting/24 h, emesis control failure as > or = 3 episodes of vomiting/24 h. Both the period of chemotherapy (6 days) and the whole period of observation (10 days) were evaluated. Nausea and/or emesis control failure occurred in 24% of patients during the period of chemotherapy and in 51% of patients throughout the whole period of observation, while emesis control failed in 2% and 27% of patients, respectively. The efficacy of three serotonin antagonists was comparable during the chemotherapy period (5 patients with nausea and/or emesis control failure in the granisetron group, 2 in the tropisetron group and 4 in the ondansetron group,p = 0.40). When evaluating the whole period of observation, the antiemetic response to G and T was significantly better than to O, nausea and/or emesis control failure having occurred in 7 (47%) patients treated with G, 5 (33%) patients treated with T, and 12 (80%) patients treated with O, p = 0.03. The results concerning emesis control failures were similar, G 4 (27%), T 1 (7%), O 7 (47%), p = 0.04. Headache was the only frequent side effect of serotonin antagonists (30% incidence). All three serotonin antagonists sufficiently controlled nausea and vomiting during high-dose chemotherapy (BEAM) administration in 67-87% of patients. In comparison with ondansetron, both tropisetron and granisetron proved to be more effective after ASCT, when emetogenic factors other than chemotherapy alone participated.
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PMID:Antiemetic efficacy of three serotonin antagonists during high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in malignant lymphoma. 1113 Feb 51

A 66-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of vomiting, dizziness and vertigo. Neurological examination on admission revealed only upbeat nystagmus without cranial nerve symptoms, paresis, cerebellar signs or sensory disturbances. Magnetic resonance(MR) images demonstrated a new T 2 high intensity and T 1 iso-intensity signal lesion in the right upper medial medulla. This medial medullary infarction caused central vestibular dysfunction. MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography demonstrated a persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (PPHA) originating from the right internal carotid artery to the vertebrobasilar artery associated with the stenosis of the right internal carotid artery at the level of the cervical bifurcation. This is the first report of medullary infarction with persistent carotid-basilar anastomosis. We suspected this medullary infarction was caused by artery to artery embolism in the branch of the right vertebral artery through the PPHA distal originated from the stenosis of the right internal carotid artery.
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PMID:[A case of medial medullary infarction with persistent primitive hypoglossal artery]. 1199 64

Thickening agents, such as carob bean gum or galactomannan, have been successfully administered for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants. To study the effect of carob bean gum on gastric emptying and to symptoms of regurgitation, we recruited 20 full term Thai infants (mean age=13.4+/-7 week; mean body weight=4943+/-1272gm) without pathological gastroesophageal reflux. Initially, we determined half time gastric emptying (T 1/2 GET) by Tc99m radioscintigraphy method (mean T 1/2 GET=116.1+/-72 min) in infants consuming standard infant cow's milk formula for 2 weeks. Afterwards, carob bean infant formula was given for 2-4 weeks and weight gain, vomiting symptoms, night cough, colic, flatus, defaecation character and T 1/2 GET were assessed. There were statistically significant improvements in symptoms of vomiting (a smaller quantity P<0.001 and frequency of vomiting P<0.0001) and improvements in weight gain per week (W1=121.2+106.9gm, W2=221.3+136.1gm; P=0.005) when infants consumed the carob bean formula. However, there was no significance difference in gastric emptying half time (GET1=116.1+72, GET2=148.5+130.9; P=0.154). In conclusion, carob bean gum, as a thickening agent, improves the clinical symptoms of regurgitating infants, but does not significantly alter the gastric emptying physiology.
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PMID:Effect of carob bean on gastric emptying time in Thai infants. 1281 Apr 10

Bleomycin is an antibiotic drug with anticancer properties produced by Streptomyces verticillus [Cheson BD. Pharmacology of cancer chemotherapy: miscellaneous chemotherapeutic agents. In De Vita Jr. VT, Hellmann S, Rosenberg AS, editors. Cancer principles and practice of oncology. Lippincott Willians & Wilkins; 2001. p. 452-459]. It was isolated in 1966 by Umezawa et al. and its mechanism of action is breaking the DNA double helix by the production of free radicals, which is oxygen and iron dependent [Cheson BD. Pharmacology of cancer chemotherapy: miscellaneous chemotherapeutic agents. In De Vita Jr. VT, Hellmann S, Rosenberg AS, editors. Cancer principles and practice of oncology. Lippincott Willians & Wilkins; 2001. p. 452-459; Hay J, Shahzeidi S, Laurent G. Mechanisms of bleomycin-induced lung damage. Arch Toxicol 1991;65:81-94]. Bleomycin may be inactivated by bleomycin hidrolase presents in normal and tumoral cells [Cheson BD. Pharmacology of cancer chemotherapy: miscellaneous chemotherapeutic agents. In De Vita Jr. VT, Hellmann S, Rosenberg AS, editors. Cancer principles and practice of oncology. Lippincott Willians & Wilkins; 2001. p. 452-459; Hay J, Shahzeidi S, Laurent G. Mechanisms of bleomycin-induced lung damage. Arch Toxicol 1991;65:81-94; Jules-Elysee K, White DA. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity. Clinics Chest Med 1990;11:1-20]. The complex bleomycin-Fe has been the most studied because bleomycin joins the DNA and Fe at the same time, and release of free radicals happens in the presence of molecular oxygen [Hay J, Shahzeidi S, Laurent G. Mechanisms of bleomycin-induced lung damage. Arch Toxicol 1991;65:81-94]. Bleomycin has a renal metabolism with 50% of dose eliminated in 4h after its administration and 70% in the next 24h. Its half-life (T 1/2) is not altered, although the creatinine clearance drops to 25-35 ml/min [Cheson BD. Pharmacology of cancer chemotherapy: miscellaneous chemotherapeutic agents. In De Vita Jr. VT, Hellmann S, Rosenberg AS, editors. Cancer principles and practice of oncology. Lippincott Willians & Wilkins; 2001. p. 452-459; Hay J, Shahzeidi S, Laurent G. Mechanisms of bleomycin-induced lung damage. Arch Toxicol 1991;65:81-94]. This drug has been used as cytostatic treatment of many malignant tumors, such as germ cell tumors, lymphomas, head and neck, and Kaposi's sarcomas [Chen XL, Li WB, Zhou AM et al. Role of endogenous peroxynitrite in pulmonary injury and fibrosis induced by bleomycin A5 in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2003;24:697-702]. Minor important adverse effects are myelossupression, nauseas, vomiting, allergic reactions, mucositis, alopecia, erythema, hyperkeratosis, hypopigmentation, skin ulceration, and acute arthritis [Cheson BD. Pharmacology of cancer chemotherapy: miscellaneous chemotherapeutic agents. In De Vita Jr. VT, Hellmann S, Rosenberg AS, editors. Cancer principles and practice of oncology. Lippincott Willians & Wilkins; 2001. p. 452-459; Hay J, Shahzeidi S, Laurent G. Mechanisms of bleomycin-induced lung damage. Arch Toxicol 1991;65:81-94]. Fever is reported in 20-50% of patients and some of them present hyperthermia [Hay J, Shahzeidi S, Laurent G. Mechanisms of bleomycin-induced lung damage. Arch Toxicol 1991;65:81-94].
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PMID:Bleomycin lung toxicity: who are the patients with increased risk? 1593 15


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