Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intraamniotic urea and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2a) combinations for midtrimester abortion were compared in the following series: 8 multiparas given 80 gm urea in 135 ml 5% dextrose and 5 mg PGF2a, 8 multiparas given urea only, 150 nulliparas and multiparas given urea and 5 mg PGF2a, and 180 given urea and 10 mg PGF2a. In the 2 small series, there was 1 failure in the urea group. Mean abortion times were 28.8 hours after urea, 18.3 hours after urea and 5 mg PGF2a, and 16.3 and 17.5 hours in the 2 large series given urea and 10 and 5 mg PGF2a, respectively. Urea caused loss of fetal heart tones within 2 hours, had a half-life in amniotic fluid of 3 hours, caused a low frequency of late emesis, and resulted in short-lived burning or warm sensation in 1 case of accidental intravascular injection. Oxytocin infusions were used frequently for failure to abort within 24 hours, or lack of uterine contractions after membrane rupture or incomplete abortion. PGF2a accelerated uterine tone, frequency, and integrated uterine pressure over the values measured in subjects given urea only.
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PMID:Intra-amniotic urea and prostaglandin F2alpha for midtrimester abortion: clinical and laboratory evaluation. 7 92

Magnesium deficiency can occur in congestive heart failure, after diuresis with furoxemide, ethacrynic acid and mercurials, and with digitalis intoxication, diabetic acidosis, acute and chronic alcoholism, delerium tremens, cirrhosis, malabsorption syndromes, protracted postoperative cases, open heart surgery, the diuretic phase of acute tubular necrosis, and with hypoparathyroidism, primary aldosteronism, juxta-glomerular hyperplasia and pancreatitis. Two cases of serious ventricular arrhythmias associated with magnesium depletion are described. Clinical manifestations are vague but center around neurologic symptoms such as weakness, tremors, stupor, coma, nausea, vomiting and anorexia. Serious cardiac arrhythmias also occur with magnesium depletion. Magnesium appears to be very useful in hypomagnesemic or digitalis-toxic tachyarrhythmias. Magnesium may also be valuable in normomagnesemic tachyarrhythmias. Ten to fifteen milliliters of a 20 percent magnesium sulfate solution, given intravenously over 1 minute, followed by a slow 4 to 6 hour infusion of 500 ml of 2 per cent magnesium sulfate in 5 per cent dextrose in water is recommended. Recurrence of arrhythmias is common and a second infusion of magnesium sulfate may be necessary. Hypermagnesemia occurs frequently in renal insufficiency, and magnesium therapy may then be contraindicated. Serum levels above 5.5 meq/liter should be avoided. Loss of deep tendon reflexes and a decrease in respiratory rate can be used as guides to magnesium therapy. A plea is made for frequent analysis of serum magnesium so that more knowledge can be gained regarding this important biologic element in cardiovascular disorders.
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PMID:Magnesium deficiency and cardiac disorders. 80 29

High-dose prochlorperazine 0.8 mg/kg administered intravenously 30 min pre and 7 h 30 min post the initial dose of emetogenic chemotherapy was compared to high-dose metoclopramide 2 mg/kg over 20 min every 2 h for five doses starting 30 min prior to chemotherapy in a randomised, double-blind, parallel subjects design study. On the prochlorperazine arm intravenous dextrose placebos every 2 h maintained blinding. Complete suppression of vomiting occurred in 42% on metoclopramide (53% with non-cisplatin regimens) and 36% on prochlorperazine (52% with non-cisplatin-containing regimens) while major responses (2 or less vomits) occurred in 58% on metoclopramide and 54% on prochlorperazine. In patients who vomited after cisplatin, prochlorperazine achieved a significantly shorter duration of vomiting, a median of 5 h compared to 15 h on metoclopramide (P = 0.03). The response rate to prochlorperazine for cisplatin-induced emesis between 12 and 24 h was significantly better than for metoclopramide (prochlorperazine = 0.02). Toxicities were equivalent except for significantly greater sedation and dry mouth on prochlorperazine. Extrapyramidal reactions were recorded equally on both arms but were only severe enough to stop treatment on metoclopramide. The metoclopramide regimen was five times as expensive as prochlorperazine. High-dose prochlorperazine is an active and cost-effective antiemetic.
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PMID:A randomised double-blind study of high-dose intravenous prochlorperazine versus high-dose metoclopramide as antiemetics for cancer chemotherapy. 138 12

A combination of metoclopramide, dexamethasone, droperidol, lorazepam, and diphenhydramine was used in prophylaxis of high-dose (greater than or equal to 100 mg/m2) or moderate dose (greater than or equal to 50 mg/m2) cisplatin. Sixty minutes prior to starting cisplatin, 16 mg dexamethasone, 50 mg diphenhydramine, and 0.5 mg lorazepam were given orally (PO). Droperidol 1 mg was given intramuscularly (IM) 15 minutes prior to beginning cisplatin. Repetitive doses of intravenous (IV) metoclopramide, 2 mg/kg in 75 ml 5% dextrose in water over 15 minutes was given 30 minutes prior to, and at 1 1/2, 4 1/2, and 7 1/2 hours after beginning cisplatin chemotherapy. Only patients with nausea and/or vomiting received subsequent doses of 2 mg/kg metoclopramide IV every 3 hours as needed. Patients refractory to metoclopramide were given 1 mg droperidol IM and 50 mg of diphenhydramine PO every 6 hours. There were 19 men and 9 women with a median age of 58 (range 31-75) years. Complete protection from nausea and vomiting in all courses of treatment occurred in 17 (61%) patients. In 63% and 70% of the 57 evaluable courses, there was neither nausea nor vomiting, during the first 24 hours after cisplatin. When present, nausea was mild and the median number of vomiting episodes was 2 (range 1-3). This antiemetic regimen was well tolerated. Toxicities were mild and occurred in 3 patients (angioneurotic edema, transient episode of facial twitching, and heaviness of tongue, respectively). The 5-drug antiemetic combination can prevent cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting in a majority of patients.
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PMID:Five-drug antiemetic combination for cisplatin chemotherapy. 158 29

Acemannan, the USAN-accepted name for long-chain polydispersed beta-(1,4)-acetylated polymannose with interspersed 0-acetyl groups with a mannose monomer/acetyl ratio of approximately 1:1 and extracted from Aloe vera (barbadensis Miller), was administered as a 1.0 mg/ml solution to mice, rats and dogs, either as single dose or repeated at 4-d intervals for 8 doses by iv or ip routes. No significant signs of intoxication and no deaths occurred in animals treated with the single injection of acemannan at dosages of 80 mg/kg iv or 200 mg/kg ip in mice, 15 mg/kg iv or 50 mg/kg ip in rats, and 10 mg/kg iv or 50 mg/kg ip in dogs. On repeated injections systemic toxicity was limited to obvious transient discomfort that appeared dose related. There was accumulation of macrophages and monocytes without subsequent inflammatory reaction in lungs of the iv-treated animals, and in liver and spleen and on peritoneal surfaces of ip-treated animals. The effects were not considered adverse, but were consistent with the known immune stimulating activity of acemannan. A few deaths occurred in mice and rats that were suggestive of resulting from improper injection or sequella of necrosis of the injection site. The NOAELs for acemannan determined from these repeated injection studies were 20 mg/kg iv or ip in the mouse, 4.0 mg/kg iv and 50 mg/kg ip in the rat, and 1.0 mg/kg iv in dogs; 5.0 mg acemannan/kg ip in the dog was considered to be LOAEL, based on the emesis and abdominal discomfort induced.
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PMID:Toxicologic evaluation of injectable acemannan in the mouse, rat and dog. 160 84

Recently introduced chloroquine resistant malaria has altered the clinical picture and complicated the overall management of malaria. 113 adults with proved malaria admitted at Harare Central Hospital, Zimbabwe, were evaluated to determine the incidence, nature, relationship to morbidity and mortality and response to treatment of the complications due to malaria. 47.7 pc (52 of 109) patients had relatively chloroquine resistant malaria. 87.4 pc (99 of 113) had complications whose percentage frequency of occurrence were: Anaemia 51.2 pc, diarrhoea and/or vomiting 42.2 pc, cerebral malaria +/- fits 39.2 pc, renal insufficiency +/- hyperkalaemia 26.4 pc, hypoglycaemia 15.6 pc, jaundice 15.2 pc, neuro-psychiatric 15.0 pc, shock 10.6 pc, concurrent sepsis 8.9 pc, pulmonary oedema 3.5 pc and hyperpyrexia 1.7 pc. Multiple complications in the same patient were common. The combination of cerebral malaria and renal insufficiency had the worst mortality (p less than 0.001). All patients dialysed, however, survived. Non-iron deficiency anaemia, 91.7 pc (51 of 55) and diarrhoea and/or vomiting, were common, worsened morbidity but not mortality (p = 0.555). A seriously-ill patient with malaria should be suspected of having complications and chloroquine resistance and should be referred promptly to a centre with facilities for dialysis. Anti-malaria drugs should be mixed in a dextrose solution and iron supplements should not be given routinely.
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PMID:Complications of seasonal adult malaria at a central hospital. 209 79

Since 1974 we have seen 320 cases of Reye's syndrome in our department. There were 163 boys and 157 girls of a mean age of 20 months. While the number of Reye's syndrome patients admitted increased from 1979 to 1982, it has declined since 1984. Two different approaches to management were used. Prior to 1976 only simple supportive measures were given: Intravenous 10% dextrose solution and electrolytes (Darrow-glucose solution) in equal amounts at a rate of 50-100 ml/kg/day with or without dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg/day). From 1976, in addition, measures were taken to lower the intracranial pressure by infusing mannitol 1-2 gm and glycerol 1 g/kg given at a frequency related to the severity of the illness, i.e., for grade II, the above combination was given 8 hourly, for grade III 6 hourly, and for grades IV and V 4 hourly, while for grade I only fluid and electrolytes were given. In all cases, clinical progress was closely followed. Intravenous dexamethasone was also given at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day. The fatality rate was 50 to 60% prior to 1976 and has fallen to around 20% at present. In contrast to reports from Western countries, we observed more convulsions, respiratory infections and gastrointestinal disorders but less vomiting and no chicken-pox.
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PMID:Treatment of Reye's syndrome at Sumber Waras Hospital. 212 7

Children suffering from mild to moderate (3 to 6%) dehydration likely caused by viral gastroenteritis are often hospitalized because they are unable to tolerate oral fluids. We studied 17 such children, aged one to six years, who were otherwise healthy. All had isonatremic dehydration and were treated with 30 ml/kg of 3.3% dextrose and 0.3% saline over a period of three hours in the emergency department before being discharged. No patient required admission to the hospital. Only one patient required another course of rapid intravenous rehydration and subsequently improved without hospitalization. Although all our patients experienced vomiting before treatment, 65% had no vomiting after treatment. Rapid intravenous rehydration is an effective treatment, for children with mild to moderate dehydration secondary to presumed viral gastroenteritis, that obviates the need for hospitalization.
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PMID:Rapid intravenous rehydration in the pediatric emergency department. 204 10

The hypothesis that the lipid emulsion of the emulsion formulation of propofol is responsible for the low frequency of nausea, retching, and vomiting after propofol anesthesia was tested. A randomized, prospective, and comparative study was performed to evaluate the antiemetic effect of 10% lipid solution in 60 women, ASA physical status I and II, scheduled for ambulatory laparoscopic procedures. Two groups of patients were studied. Induction of anesthesia (thiopental) and maintenance of anesthesia (enflurane, nitrous oxide) were similar in both groups. At induction the study group received 10% Intralipid (3 mL/min for 20 min). The control group received 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution at the same rate. Other drugs administered during or after anesthesia were similar among the groups. The groups were similar with respect to duration of anesthesia, characteristics of early and intermediate recovery, as well as pain scores in the postanesthesia care unit. There were no differences in the amount of antiemetic medications administered or postoperative nausea, retching, or vomiting when the patients were evaluated objectively by a blinded observer or subjectively by patient self-evaluation. It is concluded that 10% Intralipid, the lipid in the emulsion formulation of propofol, does not possess significant antiemetic effects.
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PMID:Is the antiemetic effect of the emulsion formulation of propofol due to the lipid emulsion? 222 15

A previously healthy 35-year-old woman was seen at 37 weeks' gestation with a 10-day history of fever, vomiting, diarrhea and malaise. Serum laboratory findings included elevation of serum bilirubin and AST, prolongation of serum prothrombin time and a positive monospot. A tentative diagnosis of acute fatty liver of pregnancy was made, and a healthy male infant was delivered by emergency cesarean section because of fetal distress. Over the subsequent 3 days, acute progressive oliguric renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypoglycemia requiring intravenous dextrose infusion and pancreatitis developed; her mental status progressed to stage III encephalopathy. Quantitative computed tomography estimated the liver volume to be 770 cm3. The decision to proceed with orthotopic liver transplantation was made on the basis of progressive clinical deterioration despite aggressive support and because of her small liver size. After transplant, the patient's multisystem failure rapidly reversed. Histopathological examination of the native liver demonstrated predominantly zone 3 microvesicular steatosis with characteristic ultrastructural changes consistent with acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Southern blot analysis for Epstein-Barr virus DNA was negative. We conclude that orthotopic liver transplantation should be considered for the small group of patients with fulminant hepatic failure associated with acute fatty liver of pregnancy who manifest signs of irreversible liver failure despite delivery of the fetus and aggresive supportive care.
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PMID:Fulminant hepatic failure caused by acute fatty liver of pregnancy treated by orthotopic liver transplantation. 240 63


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