Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Before administering tacrine hydrochloride (Cognex), an examination is conducted that includes a medical history, neurological examination, laboratory studies, EEG, CT or MRI, and sometimes lumbar puncture. Much consideration by physicians patients, and caregivers goes into the decision to prescribe Cognex. Aside from a diagnosis of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, the patient must be in good health. Patient and caregivers must accept the need for weekly ALT measurements for at least the first 18 weeks of treatment, and for periodic office evaluations. Many of our patients who have received Cognex show considerable improvement in overall sense of well-being, affect, and the abilities to converse and participate in daily activities. The most common adverse effects in our patients are nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal upset. In our experience, administration of Cognex extends the time that patients with AD can function in a home environment. This approach often represents a cost savings to the patient's family.
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PMID:Use of tacrine hydrochloride (Cognex) in private practice. 874 Sep 99

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the significance of enzymatic and biochemical analyses in the classification of chronic inflammatory liver disease and to evaluate the prognosis of these diseases. Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis were diagnosed by histopathological examination in 79 dogs. Decreased appetite and lethargy were the most common owner complaints (46/79). Vomiting and, or, diarrhoea were reported in 27/79 dogs. Ascites was the most common clinical sign (43/79), whereas icterus was a more unusual finding demonstrated in 16/79 dogs. Liver cirrhosis was diagnosed most frequently, in 33/79 dogs, followed by chronic progressive hepatitis (22/79), chronic cholangiohepatitis (13/79), and chronic non-specific hepatitis (11/79). Hypoalbuminaemia was the most consistent biochemical aberration in liver cirrhosis (25/26) and in chronic progressive hepatitis (13/18). These diseases also showed normal to mildly increased concentrations of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and a moderate to marked increase of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and fasting serum bile acid (SBA) concentrations. As expected, icterus and markedly elevated ALT, ALP, GGT and SBA levels were demonstrated in chronic cholangiohepatitis. In this disease hypoalbuminaemia was shown in 6/12 dogs, whereas in dogs with chronic non-specific hepatitis, mean SBA and albumin concentrations were normal. In liver cirrhosis the prognosis was poor, with 94 per cent of the dogs dead within one week of established diagnosis. For dogs with the other types of chronic hepatitis the prognosis was more favourable with the mean survival time ranging from 21.1 to 36.4 months.
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PMID:Diagnosis and prognosis of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in dogs. 892 20

The clinical trial development programme of mirtazapine (Org 3770), performed in Europe and the United States, demonstrated an outstanding safety profile of this compound. The evaluation of the safety was based on data from all patients who took at least one dose of study medication during studies comparing mirtazapine with placebo, amitriptyline or other active comparators. A general indication of mirtazapine's safety is the significantly lower percentage of patients (65%) who complained of any adverse clinical experiences compared with the placebo- (76%) or amitriptyline-treated group (87%). Moreover, drop-out rates due to adverse clinical experiences were significantly lower than in the amitriptyline-treatment group. Mirtazapine has virtually no anticholinergic, adrenergic or typical selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) side effects. The only significantly higher incidences versus placebo were seen in the adverse clinical effects of drowsiness (23% versus 14%), excessive sedation (19% versus 5%), dry mouth (25% versus 16%), increased appetite (11% versus 2%) and weight increase (10% versus 1%). These complaints were typically mild and transient in nature, and decreased over time despite increased doses of mirtazapine. In contrast, significantly higher incidences of headache (5% versus 10%) and weight decrease (2% versus 6%), symptoms commonly seen in depressed patients, were recorded in the placebo-treated patients. Also, typical SSRI adverse events, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and insomnia, and symptoms of sexual dysfunction were registered less frequently in mirtazapine-treated patients than in the placebo-treated patients. Approximately 10% of the mirtazapine-treated patients in the clinical trial programme were older than 65 years. The pattern of adverse clinical experiences seen in this group of patients is fully in line with that seen in the overall patient population. The analysis of vital sign indices, i.e. blood pressure and heart rate, showed that no changes occurred with mirtazapine treatment; this pattern was fully comparable to that seen with placebo. Furthermore, very low incidences of clinically relevant changes in laboratory indices, such as the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase or neutropenia, were recorded in each treatment group. Mirtazapine has a very low seizure-inducing potential: only one case was recorded in a patient with a history of seizures during previous treatment with clomipramine. The low seizure-inducing potential combined with a lack of cardiotoxic properties allows safety in an overdose of mirtazapine, even in elderly patients. The only symptom seen in the patients taking an overdose of mirtazapine alone or in combination with other drugs was excessive but transient somnolence, which resolved spontaneously within a few hours. In conclusion, the new antidepressant mirtazapine offers clinicians a unique combination of strong efficacy and good safety.
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PMID:Safety of mirtazapine: a review. 893 8

Bropirimine (U-54461S), an oral interferon (IFN) inducer that has also a direct antiproliferative activity, is a novel antitumor agent. To investigate the safety and pharmacokinetics of bropirimine tablets and to measure IFN concentrations in patients with cancer, Phase I studies were conducted. In single dose study (0.25 to 3g) and multiple-dose study with one-day dosing (1 or 2g, every one or two hours, three times a day), bropirimine treatment was well tolerated by the patients with cancer. In multiple-dose study with consecutive days dosing (1 or 2g, every 2 hours, three times a day for 3 or 5 consecutive days), a regimen with a dose of 1g orally administered every two hours, three times a day for three consecutive days was considered to be tolerable to cancer patients. Adverse drug reactions frequently observed were generalized malaise, fever, nausea/vomiting, anorexia, headache/dull headache, and tachycardia. Abnormalities in laboratory tests frequently observed were leukemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevation in GOT/GPT. IFN was not induced in any patients in the single dose study. It was, however, induced in 3 of 16 cases (18.8%) in the one-day dosing study and in 6 of 7 cases (85.7%) in the consecutive days dosing study. As to clinical antitumor efficacy, a decrease in size of the tumor lesions and improvement in subjective/objective symptoms were noted in two cases in the one-day dosing study. With these findings, the regimen with the dose of 1g orally administered every two hours, three times a day for three consecutive days with a four-day drug-free interval per week was recommended for early phase II studies.
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PMID:[Bropirimine (U-54461S) phase I clinical studies]. 897 2

Early Phase II clinical studies with bropirimine (U-54461S) having interferon (IFN) inducing and direct antiproliferative activities were conducted in patients with various solid tumors or hematologic neoplasm at 34 institutions nationwide. To investigate the safety and efficacy of the treatment, bropirimine was orally administered to the patients at the dose of 1g every two hours, three times a day for three consecutive days with a four day drug-free interval. Among the 65 patients registered, 60 patients were eligible and 44 patients completed bropirimine treatment in accordance with the respective protocols. Complete response (CR) was observed in 7 cases, and partial response (PR) was observed in 4 cases, so the efficacy rate was 25.0% (7 CRs + 4 PRs/44). Classified by target tumors, the efficacy rates were 12.9% (6 CRs/14) in bladder CIS, 33.3% 1 CR/3) in superficial bladder cancer. 11.1% 1 PR/9) in renal cell carcinoma, and 42.9% (3 PRs/7) in malignant lymphoma, respectively. Adverse drug reactions frequently observed were influenza-like symptoms such as fever (60.0%) and generalized malaise (21.7%), gastrointestinal symptoms like anorexia (56.7%) and nausea/vomiting (43.3%), and adverse effects on the circulatory system such as tachycardia (15.0%) and abnormalities in ECG (11.7%). Most of these symptoms were relieved or improved. Abnormalities in laboratory tests observed frequently were adverse effects on the liver such as elevations in GPT (33.3%), in GOT (31.7%), and in LDH (18.3%) or on the blood system like a decrease in RBC (18.3%), leukopenia (26.7%), or neutropenia (25.0%). In conclusion, bropirimine treatment proved to be effective for bladder CIS in particular, suggesting that it will be promising for use in the treatment of the disease.
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PMID:[Bropirimine (U-54461S) early phase II clinical studies--to investigate the efficacy and safety of bropirimine treatment on various malignant tumors (urological, hematologic, and dermal cancers)]. 902 Sep 48

Late Phase II clinical study with bropirimine (U-54461S), a novel oral antitumor agent that has interferon inducing and anti-proliferative activities, was conducted in patients with bladder CIS at 38 institutions nationwide. To investigate the efficacy and safety of the treatment, bropirimine was administered to the patients at the dose of 750 mg every two hours, three times a day, for three consecutive days with four-day drug withdrawal, based on the results of the preceding clinical studies up to early phase II. Among the 48 patients registered, 41 patients were evaluable for antitumor efficacy. Complete response (CR) was observed in 17 of them, no change (NC) in 18 patients, and progressive disease (PD) in 6 patients; so the efficacy rate was 41.5%. Classified by patient background, the efficacy rates were 58.3% (7/12) in patients with primary bladder CIS, 34.5% (10/29) in those with secondary bladder CIS, 45.5% (10/22) in those with Grade 3, and 23.8% (5/21) in those previously given chemotherapeutic agents or BCG by intravesical or other routes. Adverse drug reactions frequently observed were influenza-like symptoms such as fever and generalized malaise and gastrointestinal symptoms like anorexia and nausea/vomiting; these symptoms were all Grade 2 or milder. Abnormalities in laboratory tests, such as an elevation in GOT/GPT, neutropenia, and leukopenia were observed. These adverse effects were all tolerated by the patients. From the above results, bropirimine was considered to be a useful oral agent for the treatment of bladder CIS.
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PMID:[Bropirimine (U-54461S) late phase II clinical study for carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Japan Bropirimine Study Group]. 902 Sep 49

Fifty-two patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hospital haemodialysis were given a single bolus dose of tinzaparin (Innohep, Leo Laboratories, UK) into the arterial side of the dialyser, for up to 43 consecutive dialyses. The mean tinzaparin dose at the beginning was 2,139 IU anti-Xa and at the end 2,186 IU anti-Xa. Overall, tinzaparin proved a satisfactory anticoagulant for 1,370 (96.0%) out of 1,427 dialyses. Significant clot formation was prevented in 1,326 (92.8%) out of 1,429 dialyses. The clinically effective dose was associated with a mean plasma anti-Xa activity 1 h after dosing of 0.4 IU/ml and suppressed fibrinopeptide A formation for up to 4 h. Bleeding, from the skin or mucous membranes, was recorded at 27 (1.9%) of 1,408 dialyses. Prolonged fistula bleeding on completion of dialysis was recorded on only 20 occasions. Other haemorrhagic events included haematemesis, bruising and subconjunctival haemorrhage (each in 1 patient) and epistaxis (2 patients). Three patients died during the study of causes considered unrelated to tinzaparin therapy, myocardial infarction (2 patients) and multiple myeloma. Other adverse events reported included vomiting (3 patients) and hypotension (3 patients). Three patients ceased treatment due to haematemesis, prolonged bleeding from fistula puncture and thrombosis of the arteriovenous access, respectively. A small, but statistically significant, increase within the normal reference range was recorded in the mean values for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.
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PMID:Long-term use of the low molecular weight heparin tinzaparin in haemodialysis. 911 88

A 13-week oral repeated dose toxicity study of (+/-)-4-diethylamino-1,1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate (NS-21), a new drug for the treatment of urinary frequency and incontinence, was conducted in beagle dogs. Male and female dogs were given the drug orally for 13 weeks at doses of 0 (control), 5, 25 and 125 mg/kg. After discontinuation of the treatment, a 5-week recovery test was also conducted. No effects related to the treatment were observed on survival. Mydriasis and a decrease in body weight or a suppression of its weight gain were seen in the 25 and 125 mg/kg groups. Vomiting, salivation and a decrease in food consumption were seen in the 125 mg/kg group. Ophthalmologic examination confirmed the mydriasis in the 125 mg/kg group. Electrocardiographic examination and urinalysis showed no abnormalities attributable to the treatment. Hematological examination showed an increase in number of platelets in the 125 mg/kg group. Blood chemical examination revealed increases in GPT and ALP and a decrease in albumin in the 25 and 125 mg/kg groups, and an increase in triglyceride in the 125 mg/kg group. Pathological examination disclosed hepatocellular hypertrophy in the 125 mg/kg group, hyperplasia of smooth-ER and concentric lamellar bodies derived from the smooth-ER, and bile pigments in the bile capillary, hepatocyte and stellate cells of Kupffer in the 25 and 125 mg/kg groups. Megakaryocytes in mesenteric lymph node were observed in the 25 and 125 mg/kg groups. The recovery test showed that the above-mentioned changes were satisfactorily reversible or the degree and frequency of these changes were lowered. No treatment-related effects were seen in the 5 mg/kg group. These results show that the NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) of NS-21 is 5 mg/kg for 13-week oral toxicity in dogs.
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PMID:[A 13-week oral repeated dose toxicity study of (+/-)-4-diethylamino-1,1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate (NS-21), a novel drug for urinary frequency and incontinence, in dogs followed by a 5-week recovery test]. 917 Jun 5

A 12-month oral repeated dose toxicity study of (+/-)-4-diethylamino-1, 1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate (NS-21), a new drug for the treatment of urinary frequency and incontinence, was conducted in beagle dogs. Male and female dogs were given the drug orally for 12 months at doses of 0 (control), 3, 17.5 and 100 mg/kg. After discontinuation of the treatment, a 2-month recovery test was also conducted. No effects related to the treatment were observed on survival and water consumption. Mydriasis, vomiting and a decrease in body weight or a suppression of its weight gain were seen in the 17.5 and 100 mg/kg groups. Salivation and a decrease in food consumption were seen in the 100 mg/kg group. Ophthalmologic examination confirmed the mydriasis in the 17.5 and 100 mg/kg groups. Electrocardiographic and hematological examinations and urinalysis showed no abnormalities attributable to the treatment. Blood chemical examination revealed increases in GPT and ALP in the 17.5 and 100 mg/kg groups, increases in GOT and triglyceride and a decrease in total protein in the 100 mg/kg group. Pathological examination disclosed hepatocellular hypertrophy and concentric lamellar bodies derived from the smooth-ER in the 100 mg/kg group, and hyperplasia of smooth-ER, an increase in number of lysosomes and bile pigments in the bile capillary, hepatocyte and stellate cells of Kupffer in the 17.5 and 100 mg/kg groups. The recovery test showed that the above-mentioned changes were satisfactorily reversible or the degree and frequency of these changes were lowered. The serum concentrations of NS-21 and its active metabolite. RCC-36, in the treated groups were increased in a dose-dependent manner. No treatment-related effects were seen in the 3 mg/kg group. These results show that the NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) of NS-21 is 3 mg/kg for 12-month oral toxicity in dogs.
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PMID:[A 12-month oral repeated dose toxicity study of (+/-)-4-diethylamino-1,1-dimethylbut-2-yn-1-yl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate monohydrochloride monohydrate (NS-21), a novel drug for urinary frequency and incontinence, in dogs followed by a 2-month recovery test]. 917 Jun 6

A 1.5-year-old domestic shorthair cat was examined because of vomiting and icterus. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included high alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities and high total bilirubin concentration. During abdominal ultrasonography, the left limb and body of the pancreas appeared hypoechoic, and a small quantity of peritoneal effusion was seen. The liver was diffusely hyperechoic, with echogenicity similar to that of the spleen, indicating hepatic lipidosis. Feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity was high, suggesting that the cat also had pancreatitis. The cat was treated with crystalloid fluids and was fed a protein-restricted diet via a percutaneous endoscopically placed gastrostomy tube. The cat's condition continued to deteriorate despite medical treatment, and it was euthanatized. Necropsy confirmed the clinical suspicion of acute pancreatitis and hepatic lipidosis. This case suggests that measurement of trypsin-like immunoreactivity may be useful in cats suspected of having pancreatitis.
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PMID:High feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity in a cat with pancreatitis and hepatic lipidosis. 929 Aug 12


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