Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is no effective treatment for melanoma, a fatal skin cancer occurring with increasing frequency. Dietary tyrosine restriction lowers systemic tyrosine and suppresses the growth of melanoma in mice, but this is not tolerated by human resulting in nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. We report here the successful use of oral polymeric microcapsules containing tyrosinase to lower the systemic tyrosine level in the rats. We found that microencapsulated tyrosinase incubated with intestinal content of rats selectively lowered the tyrosine level. We then studied the daily oral administration of microencapsulated tyrosinase in rats of one dose a day, two doses a day, and three doses a day over a period of up to 22 days. With three doses a day, the tyrosine levels in the test group decreased to 68.8% of the control group by day 4 and then decreased to 52.6% after this and remained at this level throughout the 22 days test period. This is the level shown earlier by other workers using dietary restriction of tyrosine to result in suppression of growth of melanoma. However, unlike dietary tyrosine restriction, oral tyrosinase microcapsules did not result in adverse effects nor significant differences in growth (weight gain) when compared to the control group. This approach can also be used for the lowering of systemic tyrosine in hypertyrosinemia, an inborn error of metabolism.
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PMID:Effects of long-term oral administration of polymeric microcapsules containing tyrosinase on maintaining decreased systemic tyrosine levels in rats. 1499 21

Melanoma is now the fifth most common type of cancer in North America. At present, there is no optimal treatment for this cancer. However, the lowering of the tyrosine level can inhibit the growth of melanoma. Unfortunately, this diet restriction cannot be humanly tolerated and causes vomiting, nausea, and severe body weight loss. To prevent these problems, we are studying a new approach involving the preparation intermolecularly crosslinked hemoglobin and tyrosinase for intravenous injection. In this article we describe the method of preparation and the structural and functional properties of polyhemoglobin-tyrosinase. We evaluate the effects of varying glutaraldehyde ratio, crosslinking time, and enzyme concentration on the enzyme activity of polyhemoglobin-tyrosinase. We also optimize the molecular weight distribution of polyhemoglobin-tyrosinase. The stability of polyhemoglobin-tyrosinase at 37 degrees C is much more stable when compared to noncrosslinked tyrosinase solution. Animal studies show that a higher degree of polymerization correlates with a longer circulation time of polyhemoglobin-tyrosinase, and the optimal crosslinking time is 24 hours. One intravenous injection of polyhemoglobin-tyrosinase lowers the plasma tyrosine to about 10% of its original level within one hour.
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PMID:In vitro and in vivo enzyme studies of polyhemoglobin-tyrosinase. 1516 60

Melanoma is an increasingly common fatal skin cancer. Many groups are carrying out research on potential treatments for melanoma. One of these approaches has shown that lowering tyrosine can inhibit the growth of melanoma in cell cultures and of B16BL6 melanoma in mice. However, humans cannot tolerate tyrosine-restricted diets for lowering tyrosine because of nausea, vomiting and weight loss. We report here our preparation and characterization of a novel soluble polyhaemoglobin-tyrosinase complex. This preparation prevents native tyrosinase from having adverse effects and from rapid removal after injection. The preparation inhibited murine B16F10 melanoma cell growth in culture and delayed its growth in a mice model. Intravenous injection of the preparation lowers the systemic tyrosine level without causing adverse effects such as vomiting and weight loss in mice. It is therefore possible that this complex could be useful in the treatment of human melanoma.
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PMID:In vitro and in vivo effects of polyhaemoglobin-tyrosinase on murine B16F10 melanoma. 1517 88

Melanoma now represents the fifth most common cancer in North America and it has increased dramatically in the past decade. One of the approaches shows that lowering of tyrosine level can inhibit the growth of melanoma in cell culture and in mice bearing B16BL6 melanoma. However, human cannot tolerate the tyrosine restricted diets for lowering tyrosine due to nausea, vomiting, and severe body weight loss. We therefore prepare a novel soluble polyhemoglobin-tyrosinase complex. Our studies show that this preparation can lower systemic tyrosine level in normal animals. This preparation also prevents the native tyrosinase from having adverse effects and from rapid removal after injection. In cell culture study, we find that this preparation inhibits the growth of murine B16F10 melanoma culture. Furthermore, in animal studies we observe that daily intravenous injection of this polyhemoglobin-tyrosinase preparation significantly delays the growth of B16F10 melanoma in mice, without causing adverse effects or changes in the growth of the treated animals.
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PMID:Polyhemoglobin-tyrosinase, an oxygen carrier with murine B16F10 melanoma suppression properties: a preliminary report. 1527 34

Plectranthus ecklonii Benth. is traditionally used in South Africa for treating stomach aches, nausea, vomiting and meningitis. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract of the plant led to the isolation of two known compounds, parvifloron D and parvifloron F, neither of which has been previously reported for this species. The compounds exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of 15.6 and 31.2 microg/mL, respectively against Listeria monocytogenes, whereas the values against a drug-sensitive strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were 190 and 95 microg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of P. ecklonii and its isolated compounds were tested for their activity on tyrosinase inhibition. The concentration at which half the tyrosinase activity was inhibited (IC50) by the extract was found to be 61.7 +/- 2.7 microg/mL. The antibacterial activity of the extract and its isolated compounds correlates with the traditional use of the plant for various ailments such as stomach aches, diarrhea and skin diseases. The fifty percent inhibitory concentrations of parvifloron D and parvifloron F against vero cell lines were found to be 2.9 microg/mL and 1.6 microg/mL, respectively. This is the first report of the bioactivity of P. ecklonii extract and its constituents.
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PMID:Bioactivities of Plectranthus ecklonii constituents. 1983 Oct 23

Cutaneous melanoma is least common (only about 1% of skin cancers) but is the deadliest malignant tumor. Moreover, amelanotic types of melanoma are very difficult for clinical diagnosis. The standard therapy can cause a lot of side effects, e.g., nausea, vomiting, and headaches, which means that novel and effective strategies are required. Interestingly, phenothiazine derivatives possess sedative, antiemetic, and anticancer activity. Our goal was to determine the effect of perphenazine and prochlorperazine on cell viability, motility, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase content in melanotic and amelanotic melanoma cells. The viability of C32 and COLO829 melanoma cells was evaluated by the WST-1 colorimetric assay; impact on motility of human melanoma was performed by wound-healing assay, while tyrosinase and MITF content were determined by Western blot. In the present study, we explore the anticancer effect of perphenazine and prochlorperazine in human melanotic (COLO829) and amelanotic (C32) melanoma cells concluding that prochlorperazine inhibits cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, impairs motility, and decreases tyrosinase and MITF amounts. Moreover, the analyzed drugs decrease/increase MITF amount depending on the type of melanoma. We demonstrated that the decrease of MITF and tyrosinase protein induces motility inhibition of C32 cells, which suggests the ability of those drugs to restore cancer cell sensitivity to treatment. The ability of prochlorperazine to contain the spread of the amelanotic melanoma in vivo may be helpful in the development of a new and effective antimelanoma therapies.
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PMID:Antimelanoma activity of perphenazine and prochlorperazine in human COLO829 and C32 cell lines. 3117 23