Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Camphor remains in over 950 products listed in Poisindex. To provide triage guidelines for gastric decontamination and referral, we reviewed all camphor ingestions estimated to be 2 mg/kg or greater reported to U. VA (1980-83) and to M.C.V. (1982-83). Seventy-three patients (90%) remained asymptomatic, 3 (4%) developed minor symptoms, and 5 (6%), all ingesting over 59 mg/kg, developed major symptoms. There were no deaths. (table; see text) A literature review of 63 evaluable cases revealed 6 deaths; the mean fatal dose was 199 mg/kg (range 64-570, median 113). Based on these data, we manage asymptomatic patients ingesting camphor at less than 10 mg/kg by observation only 10-30 mg/kg at home with 1 g/kg activated charcoal or emesis, and over 30 mg/kg by gastric decontamination plus referral.
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PMID:Camphor toxicity: development of a triage strategy. 652 32

The case of a 16-year-old girl who ingested 30 g of camphor dissolved with 250 ml wine to induce abortion is reported. The girl started vomiting 45 min after ingestion, which may have saved her life. Camphor is present in a number of over-the-counter medications, mainly for external application, and is readily available in drugstores. The substance is highly toxic and rapid in onset. The reported human lethal dose is 50 to 500 mg kg-1. Camphor ingestion may lead to abortion because camphor crosses the placenta and fetuses lack the enzymes to hydroxylate and conjugate with glucuronic acid. The girl was charged with intended abortion.
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PMID:Camphor ingestion for abortion (case report). 930 72

In our country, the use of traditional medicinal recipes and artisan cosmetic products is very frequent due to the high rate of illiteracy, low purchasing power and of the large number of herbalists. Camphor is a low-cost product, easily accessible and omnipresent in almost every home, making it potentially toxic in case of misuse, in particular among children. We here report two cases of intoxication induced by beauty recipe made with powdered camphor. Patients' medical history gave informations about poisoning in 2 children caused by synthetic powder made with camphor imported from China. Patient 1: little girl aged 2 months, with no previous medical history, admitted to the Emergency Department due to constant crying and refusal to eat. Clinical examination showed no abnormalities. Standard laboratory tests were normal. Neurological, digestive and cutaneous monitoring were performed. Patient 2: girl aged 6 years admitted with atonic seizure associated with syncope and foaming followed by abdominal pain and vomiting after ingesting milk. The evolution was favorable 48 hours after symptom management. Mothers reported two neighbors had received a traditional hair care recipe by a third neighbor. After that they had mixed powdered camphor with olive oil, then they had applied it to the hair of their children for one hour, thus causing the occurrence of these symptoms.
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PMID:[Traditional camphor misuse: a forgotten danger to children (about 2 cases)]. 3122 80

Kerosene poisoning is one of the most common accidental poisoning in children in developing countries due common use of kerosene in house-hold and unsafe storage practices. Aspiration pneumonitis is the most common manifestation of kerosene ingestion due to its low viscosity, high volatility, and low surface tension. The treatment of aspiration pneumonitis due to kerosene poisoning is symptomatic including oxygen support, respiratory monitoring, and careful monitoring of fluid balance. Children with severe respiratory distress and hypoxemia unresponsive to supplemental oxygen and/or severe central nervous system involvement require early intubation and mechanical ventilation. Transfer to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is required at this stage. Emesis, gastric lavage, and administration of activated charcoal are contraindicated due to risk of aspiration. There is no clear benefit of using corticosteroids or prophylactic antibiotics. Asymptomatic children should be kept under observation for atleast 6 hours after exposure. The mortality rate is low and death occurs due to pneumonitis. Camphor is used in house-hold items including vaporized or topical cold preparations, liniments, moth repellents, for performing rituals in religious ceremonies, and in antimicrobial preparations. Camphor poisoning is not very common in childhood. Even small doses of camphor can cause serious toxicity and is potentially fatal. The onset of action is very rapid (5-15 minutes). The common manifestations are confusion, restlessness, delirium, and hallucinations, muscle twitching, myoclonus, ataxia, hyperreflexia, fasciculations, and seizures. Seizures are common and serious complication in camphor toxicity. The treatment is supportive including decontamination, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and seizure control. Naphthalene is a major constituent of mothballs which are commonly used in household to protect clothes from moths. Though the poisoning with naphthalene is uncommon in children, most of the cases with naphthalene poisoning occur in developing countries where mothballs are still commonly used. The manifestations of naphthalene toxicity are predominantly due to acute intravascular hemolysis leading to anemia, hemoglobinuria, methemoglobinemia, and acute kidney injury (AKI). The treatment of naphthalene toxicity is supportive in form of transfusion of the packed red blood cells, monitoring of fluid and electrolyte balance, administration of alkalis in presence of hemoglobinuria, and renal replacement therapy. Prevention is better than cure. The strategies should be adopted to prevent children being exposed to these toxic compounds in the house-hold. Safe storage of toxic compounds away from the reach of children, avoiding storing kerosene in cold drink and beverage bottles, community education, provision of electricity in rural areas, safe cooking practices, and parental supervision are important interventions to prevent accidental poisoning among children.
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PMID:Kerosene, Camphor, and Naphthalene Poisoning in Children. 3202 Oct 4