Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The oral toxicity of ramosetron ((R)-5-[(1-methyl-3-indolyl) carbonyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-benzimidazole hydrochloride, CAS 132907-72-3, YM060), a new compound having serotonin (5-HT)3 receptor antagonist activity was investigated in beagle dogs. To evaluate the acute toxicity, two groups of beagle dogs, each comprised of one male and one female, were given YM060 bulk powder in gelatin capsules at dose of 0, 3 mg/kg or 0, 30 and 60 mg/kg in ascending order in at least 7-day intervals. After the final dose, animals were observed for 2 weeks. No deaths were observed at any dose. At 60 mg/kg, the male exhibited frequent vomiting, salivation and prone position 1-3 h after administration, when the plasma concentration of the unchanged drug reached Cmax or was close to Cmax. The female exhibited no changes except vomiting. No effects on either the male or the female were detected in body weight, food consumption, electrocardiography, hematology, plasma biochemistry or urinalysis. To evaluate the subacute toxicity of YM060, three male and 3 female beagle dogs per group received doses of 0, 1, 3, 10 and 20 mg/kg/d for 13 weeks. YM060 was triturated 10-fold using lactose and filled in gelatin capsules before use. The plasma concentration of unchanged drug increased almost dose-dependently, peaked about 2 h post-dosing and subsequently decreased with time. The plasma concentration-time profile after the final dose at week 13 was not different from that after the initial dose. No treatment-related changes were observed up to 3 mg/kg/d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Acute, subacute and chronic oral toxicity studies of the new serotonin (5-HT)3-receptor antagonist ramosetron in beagle dogs. 857 18

We report on a baby food, cereal flour P (CFP), which, although guaranteed free of cow's milk protein, caused failure to thrive and diarrhea, vomiting, and coughing fits in a 22-month-old child. The purpose of this study was to identify the allergen involved. The investigation used prick tests, RAST, and the RAST inhibition method. Specific IgE was elevated to 100 kU/l for cow's milk and to 15.3 kU/l for alpha-lactalbumin (2.5 kU/l for casein, 0.7 kU/l for beta-lactoglobulin). Antibovine IgG IgEs were associated. RAST inhibition experiments demonstrated the presence of alpha-lactalbumin in "food-quality" lactose used in this flour, at a dose of 1-5 micrograms/g of CFP. The daily intake of alpha-lactalbumin was found to be less than 70 micrograms. This exquisite clinical sensitization was attributed to the intestinal hyperpermeability (IH) which favors the access of milk allergen to the blood, leading to an ever-growing state of hypersensitivity. It could have been due to egg- and mustard-associated allergies as well as to giardiasis and intestinal candidosis. This work underlines the risk of masked food allergens and the need of thoroughly informative labeling.
 ...
PMID:Identification of a masked allergen, alpha-lactalbumin, in baby-food cereal flour guaranteed free of cow's milk protein. 890 5

Rotaviruses are the commonest cause of diarrhea and are responsible for more than 25% of all deaths from diarrhea worldwide. Children become infected early in life and most infections in infants older than 3 months are symptomatic. These viruses account for 18 million cases of moderate or severe disease and 900,000 deaths each year. The incidence of rotaviral disease is similar in developed and developing countries but the number of deaths is higher in developing countries. Infections occur throughout the year in developing countries but are seasonal in developed countries, occurring mainly between October and March. The mean age at first infection is 6 to 9 months in developing countries and 9 to 15 months in developed countries. The greater severity of infections in developing countries is associated with malnutrition, lower hygiene standards and the lactose malabsorption and deficiencies of zinc and vitamin A that accompany diarrhea. Many mixed infections also increase the severity of the rotavirus infection. The clinical symptoms of the disease in hospitalized patients are diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration. There is more vomiting than with bacterial infections. The severity of the clinical symptoms depends on the virulence of different strains. The disease is more severe and persistent in patients with reduced immunity. Age also has an effect. All children may have rotavirus in their feces but the percentage of children developing diarrhea is highest at an age of 3 to 6 months and decreases steadily thereafter. Rotaviruses can survive in air and may remain on surfaces for several hours. They are thus often responsible for nosocomial infections. Rotavirus was first identified in cattle in 1969. The virulence of the strain and the age of the calf at infection are important in the pathogenesis of rotaviral infection in cattle. Replacement of villous enterocytes is slow in newborn calves. This means that newborn calves are susceptible to disease caused by strains that are only moderately virulent. They are, however, protected during the first days of life by antibodies transmitted via the colostrum. There is competition between the rate of replication of rotavirus and replacement of enterocytes in older animals so only more virulent strains cause diarrhea in six-week-old calves. Adult animals become resistant to disease, but not to infection. The rotavirus genome consists of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA. Genetic recombination between these segments occurs naturally and can be reproduced in vitro. Recombinants between human and bovine strains have been identified but the epidemiological importance of this is unknown. The genomic segments encode 6 structural proteins (VP) and 5 non-structural proteins (NSP). VP6, the major capsid antigen, present can be used to identify groups of rotaviruses. The presence of VP7 indicates that the virus belongs to the G (glycoprotein) group of serotypes. There are 14 G serotypes, 10 of which can infect humans. The four main G serotypes are G1 to G4, with G1 accounting for 60% of human serotypes. The presence of VP4 identifies the P (protease-sensitive) serotype. The serotypes have different geographic distributions with G1P8 responsible for more than 50% of epidemics worldwide. The WHO project for the control of rotaviral infections focuses on avoiding fecal contamination. This is achieved by ensuring high standards of food hygiene, sewage treatment and chlorinated running water and by introducing vaccination when vaccines become available. Recombinant animal (bovine or simian) and human rotaviruses are currently being tested in phase III studies. Attenuated live human viruses, including cold-adapted strains are being tested in phase I trials. The quadrivalent recombinant rhesuslhuman vaccine had only mild side-effects in children and was effective, giving 82-92% protection against severe diarrhea over two years and 50% protection on average. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
 ...
PMID:[Rotaviruses in human and veterinary medicine]. 929 11

The effectiveness of a new beta-D-galactosidase pellet formulation in the treatment of lactose intolerance was studied. The encapsuled beta-D-galactosidase (lactase) pellets were first tested in vitro for their enzymatic activity within an environment simulating gastric conditions and subsequently within an environment simulating duodenal conditions. Effectiveness was measured by the % of glucose formed by hydrolysis of lactose. The pellets were found to retain their enzymatic activity in gastric pH conditions (mean 69 +/- 1 mg/dl glucose) and were found to hydrolyse lactose in human duodenal fluid (106.35 +/- 1 mg/dl). Finally the effectiveness of the new lactase formulation on glucose absorption was studied in 8 lactose intolerant subjects in a randomized, double blind, crossover trial. After fasting, the subjects were given one capsule containing 100 u/ml beta-galactosidase (i.e. 10 pellets of 10 u/ml each) or one capsule containing placebo pellets, followed by 100 g lactose dissolved in water. The washout period between lactose challenges was one week. Plasma glucose concentrations were measured before and at intervals after the challenges and the subjects completed symptom questionnaires every eight hours for 24 hours. Results showed a statistically significant increase in plasma glucose levels 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after lactose ingestion (repeated measures analysis of variance, p<0.01). Subjective ratings of the severity of abdominal cramping, belching, flatulence, vomiting and diarrhoea were significantly decreased following ingestion of the lactase pellets and lactose (no incidence of diarrhoea) compared with after ingestion of placebo and lactose. The results of the study were considered to be very promising as the beta-D-galactosidase formulation (which was produced at very low cost and with great ease) resisted inactivation in the stomach, effectively transformed lactose to glucose in vivo and reduced symptoms of lactose intolerance.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of lactose intolerance with exogenous beta-D-galactosidase in pellet form. 972 5

Although allergic persons can react to foods containing trace quantities of unlabeled or unintended food allergens, there are few data available on the quantities of these allergens required to evoke allergic symptoms. We report a milk-allergic 3-year-old boy who experienced throat itching, facial angioedema, and vomiting within 20 min of ingesting 4 to 6 oz (ca. 113.4 to 170.1 g) of lemon sorbet. Subsequent analysis of two sorbet samples provided by the parents and a third sample purchased locally by the investigators revealed trace quantities of milk allergens, whey protein (8.8 micrograms/ml), or lactose (200 ppm). The quantity of whey protein ingested was estimated to be 120 to 180 micrograms (equivalent to 23 to 24 microliters of milk). All three sorbet samples had been manufactured in the same plant within a 4-month period; the equipment used to produce and package the sorbet was also used to produce and package ice cream. No milk allergen or whey protein was detected in 38 other marketplace sorbet samples submitted by the manufacturer for testing. We concluded that trace quantities of whey proteins (< 200 micrograms) can elicit systemic reactions in exquisitely milk-allergic individuals. Such individuals should avoid eating frozen desserts prepared using equipment also used for producing or packaging ice cream, unless manufacturers can demonstrate unequivocally that their cleaning practices are sufficient to prevent milk contamination. Adequate tests are not currently available to food manufacturers but are under development.
 ...
PMID:Anaphylaxis in a milk-allergic child following ingestion of lemon sorbet containing trace quantities of milk. 982 98

Fourteen patients scheduled for orthopaedic knee reconstruction surgery were enrolled in a prospective, double-blind, randomized study in which they received alphadolone (25-500 mg, n = 9) or placebo (lactose, n = 5) given orally 1 h after operation. All the subjects received a standardized general anaesthetic and the same type of surgery followed by physiotherapy using a continuous passive movement machine. Morphine was administered intravenously after operation by patient-controlled analgesia. Verbal rating and visual analogue scores assessed pain experiences for 6 h. Orally administered alphadolone up to 500 mg caused no increase in sedation, respiratory depression, nausea or vomiting. The experiences of these side-effects were all rated as none, mild or moderate. Orally administered alphadolone caused statistically significant reductions in morphine use and simultaneous highly significant reductions in pain scores. We conclude that alphadolone is a useful analgesic in humans when given by the oral route.
 ...
PMID:Antinociceptive properties of neurosteroids IV: pilot study demonstrating the analgesic effects of alphadolone administered orally to humans. 1157 27

N-(3,5-Dichloro-pyrid-4-yl)-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-5-hydroxy-indole-3-yl]-glyoxylic acid amide (AWD 12-281) is a highly potent and selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that was designed to have a metabolic profile that was optimized for topical administration. The aim of the current study was to explore the pharmacological profile of intratracheally administered AWD 12-281 in different models of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in comparison with steroids. To assess the anti-inflammatory potential of AWD 12-281, the antigen-induced cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Brown Norway rats was determined. AWD 12-281 (ID50 of 7 microg/kg i.t.) as well as beclomethasone (0.1microg/kg i.t.) suppresses late-phase eosinophilia when administered intrapulmonary. Furthermore, AWD 12-281 has also strong anti-inflammatory properties when tested in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung neutrophilia in Lewis rats (ID50 of 0.02 microg/kg i.t.), ferrets (ID50 of 10 microg/kg i.t.), and domestic pigs (2-4 mg/pig i.t. or 1 mg/kg i.v.). In pigs, AWD 12-281 was as effective as beclomethasone (0.4 mg/pig i.t.) and dexamethasone (0.28 mg/kg i.v.), although at 3 to 10 times the dosage. The bronchodilatory activity of AWD 12-281 was assessed in sensitized guinea pigs. AWD 12-281 (1.5 mg/kg i.t., 1-h pretreatment) inhibited allergen-induced bronchoconstriction by 68% (parameter airway resistance). In sensitized BP-2 mice AWD 12-281 abolished the allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia in BALF, showing dose dependence. When given orally, i.v. or i.t., AWD 12-281 has a considerably lower emetic potential than cilomilast in ferrets and roflumilast in pigs. When given topically by inhalation, no emesis could be induced in dogs up to the highest feasible dose (15 mg/kg in 50% lactose blend). These results indicate that AWD 12-281 is a unique potential new drug for the topical treatment of asthma and COPD.
 ...
PMID:In vivo efficacy in airway disease models of N-(3,5-dichloropyrid-4-yl)-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-5-hydroxy-indole-3-yl]-glyoxylic acid amide (AWD 12-281), a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for inhaled administration. 1294 97

After returning from the Beagle in 1836, Charles Darwin suffered for over 40 years from long bouts of vomiting, gut pain, headaches, severe tiredness, skin problems, and depression. Twenty doctors failed to treat him. Many books and papers have explained Darwin's mystery illness as organic or psychosomatic, including arsenic poisoning, Chagas' disease, multiple allergy, hypochondria, or bereavement syndrome. None stand up to full scrutiny. His medical history shows he had an organic problem, exacerbated by depression. Here we show that all Darwin's symptoms match systemic lactose intolerance. Vomiting and gut problems showed up two to three hours after a meal, the time it takes for lactose to reach the large intestine. His family history shows a major inherited component, as with genetically predisposed hypolactasia. Darwin only got better when, by chance, he stopped taking milk and cream. Darwin's illness highlights something else he missed--the importance of lactose in mammalian and human evolution.
 ...
PMID:Darwin's illness revealed. 1581 89

Dietary protein, carbohydrates, fats and fibre have marked influences on gastrointestinal tract function and dysfunction. This article reviews the nutritional management of common gastrointestinal disorders in companion animals and introduces some of the current areas of research including probiotics, prebiotics, protein-hydrolysate diets, immunonutrition and dietary fibre. Nutritional management of oesophageal disease revolves around varying the consistency of the diet and feeding the animal from an elevated container. Provision of bowel rest remains the mainstay of the management of acute gastroenteritis but food-based oral rehydration solutions are a useful adjunct. The recommended diet for chronic small bowel diarrhoea is a highly digestible, hypoallergenic, gluten-free, low-lactose and low-fat diet with modest amounts of fermentable fibre. The use of probiotics in the management of diarrhoea in companion animals has not yet been shown to be beneficial. It is likely that prebiotics will prove more effective than probiotics in the prevention of enteropathogenic infections. Approximately 50% of cats in New Zealand that suffer from chronic idiopathic vomiting or diarrhoea will respond to a novel-protein-elimination diet and approximately 30% meet the diagnostic criteria for food sensitivity. Growing evidence supports the use of protein-hydrolysate diets in the management of inflammatory bowel disease and further advances in immunonutrition are expected. The dietary management of colitis should include a hypoallergenic diet with a fermentable fibre source. Manipulation of the diet provides clinicians a powerful therapeutic strategy to be used alone or concurrently with drug therapy in the management of gastrointestinal disorders.
 ...
PMID:The nutritional management of gastrointestinal tract disorders in companion animals. 1603 42

Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is best treated by complete elimination of cow's milk from the diet. For infants with CMPA who cannot be breast-fed, formulas based on extensively hydrolyzed proteins or on amino acids are the preferred substitutes for cow's milk-based formulas. In this study, we compared the tolerance and growth of infants with CMPA who were fed a new extensively hydrolyzed formula containing lactose (eHF) with those who were fed an amino acid formula (AAF). This was a prospective, multi-center, randomized, reference-controlled study. Seventy-seven infants <12 months old with suspected CMPA were enrolled. In 66 of these, CMPA was confirmed by oral challenge in a double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) or by a medical history of severe allergic reaction to cow's milk and a positive skin prick test. These infants were then tested for their reaction to eHF and AAF in a DBPCFC. All infants tolerated both formulas and were randomized to receive either eHF (n = 34) or AAF (n = 32) for 180 days. Growth (weight, length, and head circumference) and tolerance [skin, gastro-intestinal, and respiratory tract symptoms of allergy] were evaluated after 30, 60, 90, and 180 days. There were no significant differences between the two groups in any of the growth measurements. Length and head circumference were similar to Euro-growth standards, but weight was slightly lower. Gastro-intestinal and respiratory tract symptoms of allergy were also similar in the two groups. However, whereas SCORAD scores for atopic dermatitis remained constant throughout the study in infants-fed eHF, there was a slight decrease in those fed AAF. Infants-fed eHF had significantly fewer incidents of vomiting than infants-fed AAF and a significantly higher frequency of soft stools. The new eHF is safe and well tolerated in infants diagnosed with CMPA.
 ...
PMID:Safety and efficacy of a new extensively hydrolyzed formula for infants with cow's milk protein allergy. 1816 60


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>