Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The intraamniotic route of prostaglandin (PG) administration is used mainly for terminating pregnancies after the 14th week of gestation. From the clinical point of view, a good method would give a success rate of about 90% within 18-22 hours. With current methods, this is not possible without additional treatment. PGs and its analogs appear to be promising agents. A comparison of hypertonic saline with intraamniotic PGs shows that induced abortion period is significantly shorter with the PG method, although an oxytocin drip added at time of saline administration would produce the same effect. Intraamniotic PG administration is associated with a high frequency of nondangerous side effects (vomiting and diarrhea); however, hypertonic saline is known to have a higher frequency of dangerous side effects. The extraamniotic route of PG administration induces a local stimulating effect on the myometrium, obviating the need for a high systemic concentration of compounds as required by the intravenous route. Such method involves repeated injections of PGs at 2 hour intervals and is successful in approximately 90% of the cases in the 2nd trimester with a mean induction-abortion interval of 20-24 hours. It can also be used in the 13th-14th week of pregnancy. The major disadvantages are the need for repeated instillation and inconvenience of an indwelling catheter with its attendant risk of intrauterine infection. Vaginal PG administration offers the advantage of simplicity and possible utilization on a self-administered basis. It can successfully induce abortion either in the form of a concentrated solution or as lactose tablets impregnated with compounds. The dosage has to be repeated every 2 to 4 hours to maintain a high level of uterine activity. Suppositories have also been used in clinical trials and can be used to induce abortion. Disadvantages are unpredictable individual responses to vaginal administration and high incidence of side effects. Further studies are needed to develop suitable analogs for use in controlling ovulation, fertilization and implantation.
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PMID:Summary of round-table discussion on fertility regulation. 480 97

A clinical study was carried out to assess the response of 46 infants to oral loads of carbohydrates after recovery from severe diarrhea. The response was measured by the increases in blood reducing sugars and by the variations in the stool pattern following administration of oral carbohydrates. Disaccharide oral loads were used in the test. During the acute stage of the illness, 38 of the 46 patients had exhibited intolerance to carbohydrates, as evidenced by the excretion of acid stools and/or stools with a greater than .25% carbohydrate content. Prompt improvement from diarrhea was induced by elimination of all lactose, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates from the diet. None of the infants had monosaccharide intolerance during the acute diarrheal stage. The carbohydrate oral loads were administered within 1 week after recovery and serially thereafter. Responses to sucrose and lactose loads were related to the degree of intolerance exhibited during the illness. In infants with diarrhea, the impaired carbohydrate metabolism is temporary. Oral feedings may be administered after cessation of profuse diarrhea and vomiting and after replacement of water and electrolytes. Patients should be back on a milk formula within 3-4 months, depending on the degree of carbohydrate intolerance exhibited during the illness.
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PMID:The response of infants to carbohydrate oral loads after recovery from diarrhea. 509 55

The authors performed galactose loading tests in children suffering from chronic diseases: recurrent bronchitis vomiting, diarrhoea, milk-intolerance, somatic and mental retardation, cramps. In 32 of the 92 examined cases galactose levels rose until pathological, pseudo- diabetic levels. Stillbirth, cataract, hyperbilirubinaemia, convulsions occurred among family members of 10 patients. Galactose-1-phosphat-uridyl-transferase levels were decreased only in 4 of the 17 patients examined. In the other cases some different pathway of galactose metabolism is suspected. Complete remission of symptoms was achieved with diet devoid of milk sugar (lactose) in 29 patients: one infant died and two others remained mentally retarded. According to the examinations presented minor deviations of galactose metabolism cause clinical symptoms more frequently in early life as it was supposed until now.
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PMID:[Galactose loading test in infants and small children suffering in recurrent bronchitis and other chronic illness (author's transl)]. 611 85

In a random, controlled study of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants from 3 to 8 weeks of age, 17 infants were fed soy isolate formula supplemented with calcium (92 mg/kg/day), phosphorus (44 mg/kg/day), and vitamin D (500 IU/kg/day), and 15 were fed a new whey-predominant, low osmolality formula designed for small preterm infants. Mean birth weight (1,206 g, SD 178) and gestational age (30 weeks, SD 1.9) of the soy-fed group were not significantly different from the whey formula group (1,143 g, SD 158, and 30 weeks, SD 1.8, respectively). Caloric and protein intakes were not different between the formula groups throughout the study period. However, mean weight gain in g/kg/day was significantly greater for the whey formula group: 15.3 g, SD 2.5, vs. 11.3 g, SD 2.3, p less than 0.0001. Serum protein and albumin were higher in the whey formula-fed group during the latter 2 weeks of the study (p less than 0.05). The incidence of vomiting, gastric residual, abdominal distension, diarrhea, and constipation was low and not different between the two groups. No infant developed necrotizing enterocolitis. Serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxy vitamin D and parathyroid hormone were similar in both groups, and no infant developed radiographic evidence of rickets. Although soy isolate formula supplemented with calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D was not associated with rickets, no fewer complications were observed with this lactose-free, low solute formula.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparison of calcium- and phosphorus-supplemented soy isolate formula with whey-predominant premature formula in very low birth weight infants. 633 95

One of the major factors in the development of severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is infection, such as diarrhea, upper respiratory infection, and malaria. Social and environmental factors include family size, access to land and occupation of parents, and exposure of rural populations to urban centers. Breast milk has been shown to play a role in the prevention of infections; however, the mother must be well-nourished to provide the optimum product. Traditional foods available to rural children in most developing countries are difficult to digest and low in energy and protein and inadequate nutritional education prevents the inclusion of good protein sources in children's diets. Severe PEM, called marasmus and kwashiorkor is indicated by wasting of muscles, absence of subcutaneous fat, wrinkled skin, thin and sparse hair, and weakness. The basic treatment for severe PEM is dietary. Treatment of kwashiorkor and marasmus is divided into 3 stages: 1) attending to acute problems, 2) restoring nutritional balance, and 3) ensuring nutritional rehabilitation. Care must be taken to ensure a minimum daily intake of 3-4 gm of protein and 120-150 Kcal of energy/kg of body weight. There must be, in addition, replacement of vitamin A, zinc, potassium, magnesium, and iron. An initial regimen which has been advocated is based on dry skim milk, sugar, and vegetable oil, divided into 6-12 feedings/day, which prevents vomiting. It is not necessary to remove lactose from the diet, and other animal protein sources such as meat and meat extracts are also well accepted. Soy and vegetable protein have been used successfully. In treating mild and moderate PEM it is important to ensure the intake of these food supplements by the child and to avoid a major substitution effect in the household diet. It is crucial for the physicians, nutritionists, public health workers, and educators to convince parents about the safety of using foods that are fed only to adults and older children. In addition nutritional and health education must not be restricted to the rehabilitation of the child but the prevention of nutritonal deterioration of the entire family and sometimes to the entire community.
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PMID:Infantile malnutrition in the tropics. 681 12

A low-lactose milk was evaluated for taste acceptance and clinical symptomatology by means of a double-blind control study in two groups of individuals. One group consisted of nine milk intolerant individuals, while the other consisted of five milk tolerant individuals. Each week for 9 wk the participants were given a coded sample of skim milk, lactose hydrolyzed milk, skim milk plus glucose, or sweet acidophilus milk. Each participant was asked to consume four liters of milk during a week and keep a daily log of symptoms (pain, bloating, nausea, flatus, emesis, bowel frequency) along with taste acceptability. After assigning a numerical value to the intensity of symptomatology a X2 analysis was performed on the data. In the milk intolerant population lactose hydrolyzed milk produced significantly milder (p < 0.05) pain and gas symptoms than the nonhydrolyzed milks. Bowel frequency was not altered between the types of milk in both groups. The lactose hydrolyzed milk did not reduce the symptoms of lactose intolerance in the milk intolerance population to the response of the control group. Although both study populations found decreased taste acceptability to the lactose hydrolyzed milk, a taste panel assessment did not show any significant differences in the milks.
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PMID:Clinical studies with low-lactose milk. 689 87

Thirty patients who were undergoing pelvic radiotherapy had 14C-lactose breath tests performed in the first and fifth weeks of treatment. In Group I (21 patients), a significant portion of the small intestine was irradiated, and in Group II (9 patients), only a small portion of the small intestine was irradiated. In Group I, the average reductions in the excretion of ingested 14C between the first- and fifth-week tests were 41.5% at 1/2 hour postingestion (p less than 0.05), and 21.8% at 1 hour postingestion (p less than 0.05). In Group II, the percentage reductions were 11.8% and 3.7% at 1/2 and 1 hour, respectively (p greater than 0.05). The data suggest that lactose malabsorption is a factor in the etiology of the nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea experienced by patients who are undergoing pelvic radiotherapy, and that the amount of bowel included in the treatment volume significantly influences the degree of malabsorption.
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PMID:14C-lactose breath tests during pelvic radiotherapy: the effect of the amount of small bowel irradiated. 705 44

Helminth and schistosome infections occur in the same geographical areas as does malnutrition. These parasitic infections can occur already in malnourished persons. Hookworm infections reduces food intake and/or increase nutrient wastage via vomiting, diarrhea, or blood loss. These effects exasperate protein energy malnutrition, anemia, and other nutrient deficiencies. Hookworm infection reduces the work capacity and productivity of children and adults; increases maternal and fetal morbidity, premature delivery, and low birth weight, as well as the susceptibility to other infections; and reduces the rate of cognitive development. These social and economic consequences in turn reduce the ability of people and families to raise crops or earn enough money to buy food and other essentials. As many as 90% of the children in some areas of the developed world are infected with roundworm. More than 100,000 deaths in 1987 resulted from complications of roundworm infection (e.g., intestinal obstruction). Roundworm infection reduces the body's ability to use protein and to absorb fat, which worsens protein energy malnutrition. Other nutrient effects of roundworm infection are exacerbation of vitamin A deficiency and lactose and milk intolerance. Whipworm infection can effect prolapse of the rectum and nutritional problems. Treatment of children with whipworm improves hematocrit, growth rates and anthropometry, and serum albumin, and reduces diarrhea and bacterial and protozoan infections in the bowel. Schistosomiasis causes nutritional effects similar to those of helminths. Studies in Kenya show that, in children, 1 treatment against worm, infections improves growth and fitness within 4 months. Other studies in Kenya show that treating children for worms or anemia improves weight gains per month at least as much as and usually more than school feeding programs, a more labor intensive, complicated, and expensive effort. Deworming programs should operate in areas where undernutrition exceeds 25% and worms are prevalent.
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PMID:Helminth parasites, a major factor in malnutrition. 801 83

Before or after their diagnosis, each of three patients with inflammatory bowel disease had an established eating disorder. Two had bulimia and one was presumed to have had anorexia/bulimia. In addition to the usual modes of weight control, such as vomiting and fasting, two of the patients, all of whom were lactose intolerant, used milk ingestion as a purgative.
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PMID:Eating disorders in inflammatory bowel disease. 842 37

Transient lactose intolerance secondary to infective diarrhoea is common in developing countries, & soya milk formula is commonly prescribed for its management. Lactose predigested milk feeding was done in 70 patients of test group while withdrawing lactose diet & 84.3% had control of motions with absent lactose in stool despite challenge feed, 3 days after withdrawal of lactose diet. 83.3% patients in control group fed soya milk had such improvement but the incidence of feed refusal was 30% in this group as compared to only 2.8% in lactaid group. Vomiting after feed was also found in 10% of babies fed soya milk as compared to none in lactaid group, thus proving superiority of lactaid in management of lactose intolerance diarrhoea.
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PMID:Dietary management of lactose intolerance--lactase treated milk versus soya milk. 851 40


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