Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nausea and vomiting associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy are distressing and may keep patients from complying with chemotherapy protocols. No drug has emerged among many as an effective antiemetic. It has been speculated that propofol may have intrinsic antiemetic properties. We report the use of low-dose continuous infusion propofol in three oncology patients to treat chemotherapy-associated nausea and vomiting. A bolus of 0.1 mg.kg-1 followed by a continuous infusion of 1 mg.kg-1.hr-1 was effective in both prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting. All three patients were alert, reported low nausea scores by visual analogue scale, and had no episodes of vomiting. When the infusion was discontinued, nausea and vomiting were noted in two patients. Propofol, given in a subanaesthetic infusion, was safe and effective as an antiemetic in these three patients.
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PMID:Use of propofol for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis in oncology patients. 840 27

Propofol or methohexitone was given to the same twenty patients on two separate occasions during total intravenous anaesthesia for microlaryngeal surgery. With propofol the quality of induction was superior. Fewer patients required supplementation. Heart rate and blood pressure were well controlled at levels of 110-120% baseline. There were fewer side-effects during maintenance and recovery. Patients were able to return home earlier. However, apnoea and pain on injection occurred frequently, the latter when injection was made into the dorsum of the hand. With methohexitone, apnoea, abnormal movement, nausea, vomiting, headache, restlessness and confusion were common. Cardiovascular variables were poorly maintained at levels of 170-180% baseline. The results suggest that propofol is suitable as the sole anaesthetic agent in patients undergoing microlaryngeal surgery.
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PMID:Comparative evaluation of propofol or methohexitone as the sole anaesthetic agent for microlaryngeal surgery. 201 95

In an open, randomized study we have compared the safety and efficacy of propofol with thiamylal for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia supplemented by nitrous oxide in elective termination of pregnancy. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved with either propofol 2.5 mg kg-1 or thiamylal 4.0 mg kg-1 followed by maintenance with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen and repeat boluses of 25% of the induction dose i.v. as indicated clinically. Both drugs induced and maintained anaesthesia reliably, with some minor differences. Recovery from propofol was significantly more rapid. The patients in the propofol group were alert and orientated early in the postoperative period, with less nausea or vomiting. Propofol has properties that are of particular benefit in anaesthesia for ambulatory surgery.
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PMID:Comparison of propofol and thiamylal for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia for outpatient surgery. 326 9

Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic currently available for clinical investigative use. The intraoperative and postoperative effects of propofol were compared to methohexital when used as an adjuvant to nitrous oxide for outpatient anesthesia. Sixty healthy young women were randomly assigned to receive either methohexital, 1.5 mg/kg intravenously (IV), or propofol, 2.5 mg/kg IV, for induction of anesthesia. Both drugs produced transient cardiovascular and respiratory depression after induction. Maintenance of anesthesia consisted of either methohexital, 6 +/- 2 mg/min, or propofol, 7 +/- 2 mg/min (mean +/- SD) by continuous infusion in combination with nitrous oxide, 70% in oxygen. Use of a propofol infusion was associated with lower blood pressures and heart rates during maintenance. Propofol was associated with fewer side effects (e.g., hiccoughing, nausea, and vomiting) intra- and postoperatively. Recovery times for awakening, orientation, and ambulation were consistently shorter with propofol. We conclude that propofol is a useful alternative to methohexital for induction and maintenance of outpatient anesthesia.
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PMID:Comparison of propofol with methohexital for outpatient anesthesia. 349 Jan 95

In 73 unpremedicated patients scheduled for minor outpatient oral surgery or restorative dentistry, enflurane anaesthesia was induced either with an emulsion formulation of propofol (2.5 mg/kg) or with methohexitone (2 mg/kg). Sensations at the site of the injection were more common when the drugs were injected into a vein in the dorsum of the hand (58% for propofol and 28% for methohexitone) when compared to a vein in the forearm or antecubital area (7 to 8% with sensations). After induction of anaesthesia intravenous suxamethonium was given, and endotracheal intubation carried out. Anaesthesia was subsequently maintained using nitrous oxide, oxygen and enflurane. One minute after intubation a similar decrease in mean systolic arterial pressure was noted in both groups but the increase in mean heart rate observed in the methohexitone group (22 beats/min) was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that seen in the propofol group (11 beats/min). Excitatory side effects were observed in only one patient in the propofol group and in 12 patients in the methohexitone group (P less than 0.01 between groups). Walking and perceptual speed tests of recovery showed transient impairment of psychomotor skills for 30 to 60 min after both anaesthetic regimens. The incidence of nausea or vomiting was similar (27 to 33%) in both groups. It is concluded that both propofol in emulsion form and methohexitone are satisfactory induction agents in outpatient dentistry. Propofol provided a smoother induction of anaesthesia and recovery was as rapid as after anaesthesia induced with methohexitone.
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PMID:Comparison of methohexitone and propofol ('Diprivan') for induction of enflurane anaesthesia in outpatients. 387 82

The effects of premedication on anaesthesia with propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg were assessed. One hundred and twenty female patients were randomized into one of three groups of 40 who received either no premedication, diazepam 10 mg orally, or pethidine 50-75 mg intramuscularly (i.m.) and atropine 0.6 mg i.m. Propofol 2.5 mg/kg was found to be a reliable induction dose. Premedication did not affect the induction time nor the incidence of side effects which occurred in 19% of patients. Apnoea occurred in 44% of patients but was not related to premedication, nor was arterial hypotension. Pain on injection was rare in the antecubital fossa but was a frequent occurrence (30%) in the dorsum of the hand. Recovery was rapid and characterized by lack of emetic sequelae; only one patient had nausea and there was no vomiting. The site of injection was examined postoperatively and venous sequelae were rare.
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PMID:The effects of premedication on anaesthesia with propofol ('Diprivan'). 387 91

Randomized controlled studies were reviewed to assess the effectiveness and safety of antiemetics used for prophylaxis in paediatric strabismus surgery. Early and late vomiting (6 and 48 h after operation, respectively), and adverse effects were evaluated using the numbers-needed-to-treat method. In 27 reports with information on 2033 children, the mean incidence of early vomiting was 54% and of late vomiting 59%, without prophylaxis. Only three drugs were studied sufficiently for firm conclusions to be drawn. In the best documented regimen (droperidol 75 micrograms kg-1), four children have to be given the drug to prevent one vomiting; of the three others, one may vomit and two would not have vomited anyway; fewer than one child in 100 may have an extrapyramidal reaction and 16 may have minor adverse effects. Metoclopramide 0.15 and 0.25 mg kg-1 was significantly better than control only for early vomiting. Propofol had a high incidence of oculocardiac reflex without conferring any significant antiemetic effect: it should not be used. The benefits of prophylactic antiemetic therapy are not proven.
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PMID:Prevention of vomiting after paediatric strabismus surgery: a systematic review using the numbers-needed-to-treat method. 878 62

We studied supplementation of propofol or thiopentone anaesthesia with 0.5 or 1.0 mg alfentanil or 0.05 or 0.1 mg fentanyl for minor gynaecological outpatient procedures. Four hundred patients scheduled for elective termination of pregnancy were randomly allocated to one of eight groups. Induction agent doses, peroperative complications, complaints about pain and emesis during the postoperative period, and time to discharge were studied. Propofol compared to thiopentone was associated with a shorter time to discharge, 103 +/- 28 and 115 +/- 33 minutes respectively (P < 0.05) and anxiety during recovery was more frequent in the thiopentone group (P < 0.05). The need for postoperative reserve analgesics was less in the alfentanil group (P < 0.05). We found, however, no major differences between the supplementations tested regarding the total dose of induction agent, emesis or time to discharge. Supplementation with 1.0 mg of alfentanil to propofol was found to be the best combination tested for short outpatient procedures.
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PMID:Anaesthesia for short outpatient procedures. A comparison between thiopentone and propofol in combination with fentanyl or alfentanil. 767 87

Strabismus surgery in children is associated with side-effects, intraoperative oculocardiac reflexes in relation with muscular tractions and postoperative vomiting. Studies with propofol anaesthesia in this surgery have shown a lower incidence of these side-effects. So, a prospective study compared these incidences with propofol (P) versus thiopental/halothane (T+H) anaesthesia. Propofol appears to be efficient in reducing postoperative vomiting but might be associated with more frequent OCR.
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PMID:[Comparative study of propofol versus thiopental-halothane in the occurrence of oculocardiac reflex and postoperative vomiting after surgery for strabismus in children]. 772 99

To evaluate unwanted side effects expressed in hemodynamic parameters, postanesthetic recovery and quality of intravenous total anesthesia (IVTA) with propofol, fentanyl and atracurium. A prospective study in 292 patients undergoing general surgery. Fifty-three percent of the patients were ASA I, 32.2% were ASA II and 14.8% were ASA II, representing a wide range of ages, weights and heights. Mean time of anesthesia was 108.25 +/- 56.96 min. Anesthesia was achieved with propofol 0.108 +/- 0.027 mg/kg/min, fentanyl 0.093 +/- 0.035 microgram/kg/min and atracurium 0.011 +/- 0.0034 mg/kg/min. Slight pain was evident at injection in 1.7% of the patients. Greater hemodynamic instability was recorded at induction, with mean decreases in systolic and diastolic arterial pressures of 16% and 10%, respectively, with scarcely any response to intubation and extubation. Anesthetic recovery was recorded at 5.95 +/- 4.97 min, with surgical amnesia in 100% of the patients. Nausea was seen in 3.42% and vomiting in 1.7%. Patient evaluation of anesthetic technique was "good" in 60.3% and "excellent" in 39.7%. Propofol dose was significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with age (r = -0.33) and time of anesthesia (r = -0.4). IVTA with propofol and fentanyl in general surgery provides adequate maintenance of anesthesia for surgery and recovery, with good hemodynamic stability. In older patients and longer times of anesthesia, the total dose of propofol administered decreases, with negative effect on time and quality of recovery. Total dose of propofol administered is not significantly correlated with either time or quality of recovery.
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PMID:[Total intravenous anesthesia in general surgery]. 799 10


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