Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The main treatment of the acute migraine attack remains sleep, sedation, an anti-nauseant and analgesics, and in some patients 1 or 2 mg of ergotamine tartrate. Drugs containing large amounts of caffeine should not be used. Absorption of drugs may be impaired in a migraine attack. Metoclopramide is probably the anti-emetic of choice because it is an effective anti-nauseant and promotes normal gastrointestinal activity. Domperidone has a similar action but is said not to go through the blood-brain barrier, so is less likely to cause extrapyramidal reactions. All drugs, including analgesics such as aspirin and paracetamol, are best given in a soluble or effervescent form. Where vomiting occurs early in the attack, suppositories may be indicated. Ergotamine tartrate is necessary in about one third of attacks and is best given by suppository or by inhalation. Doses higher than 2 mg per attack or 6 mg in one week may cause toxic symptoms, the early signs of which are headache, nausea, vomiting and a feeling of not being very well. The non-drug treatments of an acute attack include pressing on the temporal artery, hot and cold compresses and relaxation.
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PMID:Treatment of the acute migraine attack--current status. 640 72

Systemic administration of apomorphine, angiotensin II, neurotensin and leucine-enkephalin induces emesis in dogs in a dose-dependent fashion. Receptors for Leu-enkephalin and angiotensin II but not apomorphine show receptor desensitization, such that a second systemic administration 5 min after the first is ineffective. Domperidone blocked the emetic response to apomorphine but not to Leu-enkephalin or angiotensin II. Naloxone selectively blocked the Leu-enkephalin response, while saralasin blocked responses to both angiotensin II and Leu-enkephalin, but not apomorphine. Chlorpromazine prevented the emetic response to all agents, suggesting a dopamine receptor in the emetic pathway on the brain side of the blood-brain barrier. In dogs with ablation of the area postrema the emetic response to apomorphine and all peptides was prevented.
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PMID:Peptide-induced emesis in dogs. 672 20

Domperidone is a dopamine antagonist that does not readily enter the central nervous system. Given parenterally or orally it increases gastric emptying of liquids and increases lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in healthy subjects. The antiemetic and pharmacodynamic profile of domperidone is similar to that of metoclopramide, although domperidone has a lower propensity to cause extrapyramidal side effects. Domperidone effectively alleviates symptoms of chronic postprandial dyspepsia and nausea and vomiting due to a wide variety of underlying causes and in some studies has been superior to metoclopramide. Vomiting associated with the administration of moderately emetic cytotoxic drugs is controlled in the majority of patients. Alleviation of the dose-limiting peripheral side effects (nausea and vomiting) of the anti-Parkinsonian drugs bromocriptine and levodopa, enables a higher optimum dose, with consequent improvement in Parkinsonian symptoms. Domperidone does not aggravate the extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptic drugs. Control of cytotoxic-induced, and postprandial nausea and vomiting in children has been achieved with domperidone without evidence of extrapyramidal side effects. Indeed, side effects have seldom occurred with therapeutic doses of domperidone.
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PMID:Domperidone. A review of its pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in the symptomatic treatment of chronic dyspepsia and as an antiemetic. 675 78

In two dogs the effect of domperidone (0.5 mg/kg BW i.v.) on retroperistaltism produced by apomorphine (3-10 mg s.c.) was studied. Reverse peristalsis was characterized by strong and long lasting contractions of the duodenum. Domperidone inhibited, in 10 out of 11 experiments, reverse peristalsis and reflux of intestinal contents. It is well known that domperidone inhibits emesis in dogs and humans but it has not been studied whether preceding retroperistaltism is also inhibited. Therefore the effect of domperidone on retroperistaltism was investigated in two dogs.
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PMID:Inhibition of reverse peristalsis of the intestine by domperidone. 694 9

In catastrophe situations ether is an important alternative to the usual anaesthetics being easy to manage and economical. We wanted to study the effects of the new antiemetic Domperidone on vomiting after either anesthesia. Two groups of patients were anaesthetized for general surgical procedures by means of the EMO (Epstein-Macintosh-Oxford) Vaporizer. Half an hour before the end of the operation one group received 0.2 mg/kg domperidone while the randomized control group received no prophylactic antiemetic medication. The domperidone group showed better, statistically significant, results (p less than 0.05). Domperidone proved to have a good prophylactic antiemetic effect which does not cause side effects or circulatory alterations. In preparation for catastrophe situations ether anesthesia under improved conditions was again included in the regular training programme.
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PMID:[Domperidone after ether anaesthesia. Prevention of postoperative hyperemesis (author's transl)]. 709 38

Domperidone, a new gastrokinetic with potent antiemetic properties is devoid of central effects, up to high dose levels. To assess the CNS activity of domperidone and metoclopramide, the inhibition of intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) in two different situations, and the influence on EEG in dogs were studied. The dissociation between the antiemetic and central effects of both compounds were evaluated in dogs given a stereotypogenic dose of apomorphine. A significant and dose-related inhibition of ICS (conditioned situation) was obtained with 0.8 and 1.6 mg/kg i.v. domperidone and with 0.125, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg i.v. metoclopramide. The ED50 values were 0.79 mg/kg and 0.25 mg/kg respectively. The effect was most pronounced 4 hr after administration with domperidone and 15 min after administration with metoclopramide. In the EEG studies, no specific structure-related effects were found but the total potency was increased with domperidone 0.8 and 1.6 mg/kg i.v. and with metoclopramide 0.063, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg i.v. This increase was due to a decrease in fast frequencies, an increase of slower frequencies and a slight increase of the amplitude. Sleep-like patterns were not observed with either compound. In the apomorphine-test in dogs, the ratio between the i.v. ED50 values for antagonism of stereotypy and of emesis was 180 (1.8/0.01) for domperidone and 2.67 (0.64/0.24) for metoclopramide. Thus, central effects and antiemetic effects are concomitant with metoclopramide, whereas with domperidone, extremely large doses are required to obtain central effects.
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PMID:Neuropharmacological comparison between domperidone and metoclopramide. 719 63

Apomorphine (0.03 mg . kg-1 s.c.) and morphine (0.5 mg . kg-1 s.c.) produced gastric relaxation and vomiting in the conscious dog. Domperidone (0.1-1 mg . kg-1 i.v.), haloperidol (0.1 mg . kg-1 i.v.) and pimozide (0.025 mg . kg-1 i.v.) selectively blocked the gastric relaxation as well as the vomiting caused by apomorphine. Naloxone (0.07 mg . kg-1 i.v.) selectively blocked the gastric relaxation and the vomiting caused by morphine; after naloxone, morphine produced a delayed gastric relaxation in 2 experiments out of 7. These results suggest that for gastric relaxation as well as for vomiting, apomorphine and morphine act on different receptors. Fentanyl elicited marked gastric relaxation, blocked by naloxone, but did not elicit vomiting. After fentanyl, morphine and apomorphine no longer produced gastric relaxation and vomiting. This observation shows that the known blocking effect of fentanyl at the vomiting center does not affect its gastric relaxing effect.
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PMID:Gastric relaxation and vomiting by apomorphine, morphine and fentanyl in the conscious dog. 720 14

Domperidone is the prototype of a new chemical class of compounds with potent gastrokinetic properties. The present study reports on the antiemetic activity and safety of domperidone in dogs. The lowest ED50-values protecting from apomorphine (0.31 mg/kg s.c.) induced emesis are 0.003 mg/kg intravenously, 0.007 mg/kg subcutaneously, 0.03 mg/kg orally and 0.10 mg/kg rectally. Emesis induced by i.v. hydergine, s.c. morphine and oral levodopa is also prevented by low doses of intravenous domperidone, whereas oral copper sulphate-induced emesis is not antagonized. The doses of domperidone needed to induce central depressant effects in dogs (inhibition of conditioned reactions) are at least 300 times higher than the antiemetic doses (apomorphine-induced emesis). Domperidone is also devoid of sedative, adrenolytic and cardiovascular side-effects. The LD50-values in dogs are 42.7 mg/kg intravenously, and more than 160 mg/kg subcutaneously and orally.
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PMID:The antiemetic effects of domperidone, a novel potent gastrokinetic. 741 83

The antiemetic effects of orally administered Y-25130, a potent and selective 5-HT3-receptor antagonist, were compared with those of ondansetron, granisetron, metoclopramide and domperidone. Y-25130 (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) dose-dependently prolonged the latency to the first vomiting and decreased the number of vomitings induced by cisplatin in dogs. The antiemetic effect of Y-25130 against cisplatin-induced vomiting was more potent than that of metoclopramide and ondansetron, but it showed little difference from that of granisetron. The emesis induced by the combined treatment of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide was also inhibited by Y-25130 (0.1-1 mg/kg) in ferrets. The antiemetic effect of Y-25130 was more potent than that of metoclopramide, almost the same as that of granisetron and less potent than that of ondansetron. Because of a notable difference of potency ranking between Y-25130 and ondansetron in these two tests, a third test was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Y-25130 in ferrets on cisplatin-induced emesis in comparison with that of ondansetron. The antiemetic effect of Y-25130 on cisplatin-induced emesis in ferrets was very similar to that of ondansetron. Domperidone did not inhibit these cytotoxic agents-induced emeses. These results suggest that Y-25130 is an orally active antiemetic compound against cisplatin and doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide-induced emeses; and its the antiemetic potency is similar to those of granisetron and ondansetron, but superior to those of metoclopramide and domperidone.
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PMID:The effects of orally administered Y-25130, a selective serotonin3-receptor antagonist, on chemotherapeutic agent-induced emesis. 810 29

This study investigated whether domperidone could improve gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease who were receiving levodopa therapy. A total of 11 patients were studied. Following a baseline gastric emptying test, patients were treated with a starting dose of domperidone 20 mg p.o. q.i.d. A follow-up gastric emptying test was repeated at least 4 months after starting domperidone therapy. At the beginning and at each 3-month follow-up visit, symptoms of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal bloating, heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, and constipation were evaluated and scored on a scale of 0-3. The overall mean follow-up period was 3 years. Compared with their baseline evaluation, patients experienced a significant improvement in all symptoms (p < 0.05) except dysphagia and constipation. Gastric emptying of an isotope-labeled solid meal was significantly faster, with a baseline result of 60.2 +/- 6.4% retention of isotope 2 h after the meal compared with 37.0 +/- 2.2% retention during domperidone therapy (p < 0.05). Patients' global assessment of Parkinson's disease remained stable or improved. Serum prolactin was elevated in all patients after domperidone therapy (p < 0.05). Domperidone therapy significantly reduces upper gastrointestinal symptoms and accelerates gastric emptying of a solid meal, but does not interfere with response to antiparkinsonism treatment.
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PMID:Effect of chronic oral domperidone therapy on gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric emptying in patients with Parkinson's disease. 939 20


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