Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cytoprotection utilising amifostine (Ethyol, WR-2721) is an evolving strategy to protect normal cells from the toxicity of chemotherapy. The dosing and administration guidelines are reviewed. The recommended dose of amifostine is 910 mg/m2 as a 15-min infusion prior to chemotherapy. Toxicity of this agent is moderate with hypotension and nausea/vomiting being observed in variable numbers of patients. Administration of amifostine with chemotherapy is simple and is associated with acceptable toxicity.
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PMID:Amifostine (Ethyol): dosing, administration and patient management guidelines. 897 23

The aminothiol, amifostine (Ethyol; U.S. Bioscience, West Conshohocken, PA), is a cytoprotective agent that ameliorates the toxicities of anticancer therapy. In vitro, amifostine promotes the formation and survival of primitive hematopoietic progenitors derived from myelodysplastic bone marrow (BM) specimens. To evaluate the hematological effects of amifostine, 18 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and one or more refractory cytopenias received treatment with amifostine in a Phase I/II study. Four cohorts received intravenous treatment with 100, 200, or 400 mg/m2 amifostine three times a week, or 740 mg/m2 weekly for three consecutive weeks followed by 2 weeks observation. Nonresponding patients received a second course of therapy at the next higher dose level depending upon drug tolerance. Bone marrow (BM) progenitor growth was assessed before treatment and after day 21. Diagnoses included refractory anemia (7), refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (5), refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB) (4), and RAEB-in transformation (RAEB-t) (2). Single- or multi-lineage hematologic responses occurred in 15 patients (83%) treated with the three-times-a-week dose schedule. Fourteen patients had a 50% or greater increase in absolute neutrophil count with amifostine treatment (range, 426 to 11,348/microL). Platelet count increased in 6 (43%) of 14 patients with thrombocytopenia (absolute increase, 16, 000 to 110,000/microL), and 5 of 15 red blood cell transfusion-dependent patients had a 50% of greater reduction in transfusion needs. Assayable hematopoietic progenitors increased in 13 of 15 evaluable patients; including CFU-GEMM (12), BFU-E (8), and CFU-GM (6). Amifostine doses less than or equal to 200 mg/m2 were well tolerated, whereas grade II nausea, vomiting, and fatigue was limiting at higher doses. Three patients with excess blasts before enrollment experienced an increase in BM blast percentage and two patients had evolution to acute leukemia that persisted after treatment withdrawal. We conclude that amifostine administered at doses </=200 mg/m2 three times a week is well tolerated and has hematologic activity in patients with MDS.
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PMID:Stimulation of hematopoiesis by amifostine in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. 1153 40

This article provides guidelines for the use of amifostine (Ethyol, Alza Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA, and U.S. Bioscience, Inc., West Conshohocken, PA), a pancytoprotective agent approved for reducing renal toxicity associated with cisplatin administration in patients with advanced ovarian or non-small cell lung cancer. Pretreatment with amifostine reduces the incidence of serious and cumulative chemotherapy-induced toxicities, thus improving quality of life, and allows administration of optimal doses and scheduling of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, translating into improved survival. Practical guidelines for administration of amifostine are provided in an effort to ameliorate emesis, amifostine's principle side effect.
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PMID:Administration of the cytoprotectant amifostine. 1023 50

Amifostine (WR-2721; Ethyol) is a well-known cytoprotector, but a possible role in preventing extrahaematological toxicity after high-dose therapy (HDT) has never been investigated. We compared two historical groups of patients who either received (group A, n = 35) or did not receive (group B, n = 33) amifostine (740 mg/m2) before high-dose (HD) melphalan, followed by autologous infusion of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs). Amifostine was well tolerated at this dose level. Emesis grade 1-2 was the most important side-effect, but the interruption of infusion was never required. The incidence and median duration of severe mucositis (grade 3-4) was 21% and 0 d (range 0-11 d) in group A and 53% and 7 d (range 0-11 d) in group B. The duration of analgesic therapy was also significantly lower in group A (0 d; range 0-12) than in group B (6 d, range 0-20) (P = 0.0001). Severe diarrhoea (3% vs. 25%; P = 0.01) and emesis (9% vs. 34%; P = 0.01) were also reduced in group A in comparison with group B. No differences were observed between the two groups for haematological recovery. This retrospective study strongly suggests that amifostine can reduce severe mucositis and the use of analgesic drugs in this setting. A randomized study is warranted to confirm these preliminary results.
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PMID:Amifostine can reduce mucosal damage after high-dose melphalan conditioning for peripheral blood progenitor cellautotransplant: a retrospective study. 1097 85

This phase II trial was designed to verify that subcutaneous (SC) administration of Amifostine (Ethyol) protects against radiation therapy (RT)-induced xerostomia and ameliorates amifostine-related side effects (including nausea, vomiting, and hypotension). Patients receiving amifostine SC plus RT had a 56% incidence of acute xerostomia, comparable with previous phase III data with intravenous administration of amifostine. There was good tolerability, with cutaneous toxicity as the most significant side effect. These data suggest that amifostine SC provided comparable protection against RT-induced acute xerostomia as amifostine intravenously.
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PMID:A phase II trial of subcutaneous amifostine and radiation therapy in patients with head and neck cancer. 1191 79

The study is a prospective, open-label, multicenter safety study designed to identify treatment-related side effects of amifostine (Ethyol, WR-2721; MedImmune, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD) administered as a subcutaneous injection for the prevention of radiation-induced toxicities. More than 100 patients (68 males, 33 females; median age, 64 years) received 500 mg of amifostine by subcutaneous injection before daily radiation therapy. Four types of targeted adverse events were examined as to their occurrence and possible relationship with amifostine. These adverse events included nausea/vomiting, local skin reactions, skin rashes, and hypotension.
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PMID:Ongoing prospective multicenter safety study of the cytoprotectant amifostine given subcutaneously: overview of trial design. 1472 48