Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Currently available treatments for radiation-induced nausea and vomiting either are ineffective or reduce performance. The new antiemetic and gastrokinetic agent zacopride was tested in rhesus monkeys to assess its behavioral toxicity and its ability to inhibit radiation-induced emesis. Zacopride (intragastric, 0.3 mg/kg) or a placebo was given blindly and randomly in the basal state and 15 min before a whole-body 800 cGy 60Co gamma-radiation dose (except for the legs which were partially protected to permit survival of some bone marrow). We determined (1) gastric emptying rates; (2) the presence and frequency of retching and vomiting; and (3) the effect of zacopride on the performance of a visual discrimination task in nonirradiated subjects. No vomiting, retching, or decreased performance was observed after either placebo or zacopride in the control state. Following irradiation plus placebo, 70 emeses were observed in 5 of 6 monkeys, and 353 retches were observed in all 6 monkeys. In contrast, only 1 emesis was observed in 1 of 6 monkeys and 173 retches were seen in 4 of 6 monkeys after irradiation plus zacopride (P less than 0.01). Zacopride also significantly inhibited radiation-induced suppression of gastric emptying. When given after the first vomiting episode in a separate group of irradiated monkeys, zacopride completely prevented any subsequent vomiting. The present results demonstrate that intragastric administration of zacopride significantly inhibited radiation-induced retching, vomiting, and suppression of gastric emptying in rhesus monkeys and did not cause detectable behavioral side effects when given to nonradiated monkeys. This observation has important implications in the treatment of radiation sickness.
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PMID:Prevention and treatment of the gastric symptoms of radiation sickness. 317 40

Thirty-two patients with primary lung cancer receiving combination chemotherapy including cisplatin at a dosage of 80-120 mg/m2 were entered into an antiemetic randomized crossover trial. Patients received metoclopramide (2 mg/kg i.v. every 2 h X 5), droperidol (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) and dexamethasone (30 mg i.v.) on day 1, and metoclopramide (1mg/kg i.v. every 8 h X 3) (Regimen A) or metoclopramide and droperidol (2.5 mg i.v. every 8 h X 3) (Regimen B) on days 2 to 5. No vomiting occurred within the first 24 hours after cisplatin administration in 75% of patients. Regimen B was found to be more effective than regimen A with respect to the mean duration of vomiting (p less than 0.1), the mean duration of nausea (p less than 0.05), the mean duration of anorexia (p less than 0.05), and the mean score of the patients' opinions (p less than 0.1). When the patients were asked for their opinion of the two regimens, 39% preferred regimen B (p less than 0.05). There were no major side effects with either regimen.
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PMID:[Antiemetic effects of combinations of metoclopramide, droperidol and dexamethasone for the prevention of cisplatin-induced gastro-intestinal toxicity: a randomized crossover trial]. 330 May 61

The dose limiting factors of cisplatinum are nephrotoxicity and emesis. Nephrotoxicity has been reduced by hydration but nausea and vomiting caused by cisplatinum have led to refusal of potentially curative therapy by a number of patients. The prevention of nausea and vomiting by a combination of antiemetic drugs administered to ovarian patients receiving chemotherapy inducing (cisplatinum 50mg/m2, adriamycin 300 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m2 and 5FU 350 mg/m2) was studied. the combination antiemetic drugs were metoclopramide (1mg/kg), dexamethasone (10mg/m2), droperidol (1mg/m2) and diphenhydramine (20mg/body). These drugs without diphenhydramine were administered intravenously 30 minutes before and 2.5 hours, 5 hours and 7.5 hours after chemotherapy. Diphenhydramine was administered intramuscularly 30 minutes before and 5 hours after chemotherapy. No vomiting was noted in 82.6% (19/23) of cases, and no patient vomited more than four times. This combination regimen provided very good protection against cisplatinum induced emesis.
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PMID:[The prevention of CDDP-induced emesis with a combination regimen including metoclopramide, dexamethasone, droperidol and diphenhydramine]. 342 79

An antiemetic combination of metoclopramide and methylprednisolone was administered to 16 lung cancer patients receiving cisplatin (80 cmg/m2) alone or in combination with other drugs. Metoclopramide was administered four times intravenously at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. Methylprednisolone was administered three times intravenously at a dose of 125 mg. Sixteen patients received a total of 34 chemotherapy courses. No vomiting occurred in 70% of 34 chemotherapy courses and mild emesis (one or two vomiting episodes) occurred in 18% of chemotherapy courses. Side effects were minimal and included mild sleepiness (nine patients), diarrhea (three patients), and hiccups (three patients). It is concluded that a combination of metoclopramide and methylprednisolone is very effective in preventing cisplatin-induced vomiting.
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PMID:[Antiemetic combination of metoclopramide and methylprednisolone for cisplatin-induced vomiting]. 405 14

A prospective, randomized double-blind trial of doxycycline prophylaxis for traveler's diarrhea was conducted on 145 volunteers during a 2.5-day visit to Mexico. Traveler's diarrhea occurred in 15 (21%) of the placebo group and in 3 (4%) of the doxycycline group (p = 0.002). There was no rebound increase in the incidence of acute diarrhea after departure from the high risk area in the doxycycline-treated group. A variety of bacterial pathogens were isolated from individuals symptomatic with traveler's diarrhea. Nausea alone (8%) or nausea with vomiting (4%) occurred in the doxycycline-treated group only and were the only side effects observed (p = 0.003). We conclude that doxycycline is safe and efficacious for the prophylaxis of traveler's diarrhea for short-term exposure in a high risk area.
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PMID:Brief prophylaxis with doxycycline for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea. 633 8

In 46 weaned piglets we surgically implanted a cannula in the jugular vein and electrodes for ECG and EMG recordings. After a 4- to 5-day recovery, piglets were hydrated, then dosed with cisplatin (5.5 mg/kg i.v.) and recorded continuously for the next 60 h. Thirteen piglets (i.e., controls) received only cisplatin. Twenty-three other piglets received, 15 min before cisplatin, an i.v. injection of granisetron (0.25, 0.5, 2 or 7 mg/kg) or ondansetron (0.5, 2 or 7 mg/kg). Ten other piglets received, in addition to cisplatin, multiple injections of granisetron (1 mg/kg) and ondansetron (3.5 mg/kg). All control piglets exhibited both acute and delayed emesis. The first vomiting occurred with a latency of 2.13 +/- 0.82 hr after cisplatin administration; emetic intensity reached a peak (5 vomits/hr) within 2 hr and then decreased rapidly. No vomiting was observed between the 16th and 18th hr. The mean number of vomits during the first 16th was 18.4 +/- 2. Delayed emesis started at the 18th hr and lasted until the 58th hr. The mean number of vomits during the whole of the delayed phase was 9.6 +/- 2.4; the highest emetic intensity (1.2 vomit/hr) occurred between the 21th and the 22th hr. Pretreatment with a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist increased significantly the latency of the first emetic event in a dose-dependent manner. However, the severity of the acute phase was reduced significantly only with granisetron at the dose of 7 mg/kg, although the severity of the delayed phase remained unchanged, irrespective of the dose of granisetron. Three about five piglets treated repeatedly with granisetron did not vomit throughout the chemotherapy course. In contrast, no complete control was observed with repetitive injections of ondansetron. Cisplatin inducing both acute and delayed vomiting in the piglet without any lethality; this animal is a suitable model in which to study the pathogenesis of delayed emesis.
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PMID:The piglet as a suitable animal model for studying the delayed phase of cisplatin-induced emesis. 763 59

The present study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence and time course of reflux-type symptoms in Singaporean women and to determine if these symptoms were associated with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Consecutive pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy were recruited during attendance at an antenatal clinic in a Singapore teaching hospital. Each was interviewed, using a reliable questionnaire detailing demographic characteristics and symptoms, at four time points during the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum period. A total of 35 of 47 women originally enrolled (response rate 74%) completed the study. Heartburn alone, acid regurgitation alone and both heartburn and acid regurgitation were reported by 5.7, 17.1 and 17.1% of the subjects, respectively. Subjects who had these symptoms were more likely to suffer daily nausea and/or vomiting (78.6%) than those who did not (33.3%, P<0.05). In the majority of subjects, heartburn and/or acid regurgitation began in the first trimester (78.6%) and disappeared during the second trimester (71.4%). Nausea alone and in combination with vomiting similarly came on in the first trimester (100%) and subsided by the second trimester (85.7%) in the majority of the subjects studied. The reported prevalence of heartburn and/or acid regurgitation among Western pregnant women were 48-96% and 62%, respectively. Our data, therefore, showed that reflux-type symptoms were less common in Singaporean pregnant women. Reflux-type symptoms were related to nausea and vomiting, both in frequency and time pattern of onset and disappearance of symptoms. The association suggested either a common mechanism or a cause and effect relationship.
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PMID:Symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux in pregnancy: a prospective study among Singaporean women. 983 18

The blood findings in five monkeys after experimental high intestinal obstruction are reported. All animals showed the marked rise in non-protein nitrogen characteristic of intestinal obstruction in man and the dog. Two monkeys showed a very marked drop in chlorides, the others a less marked fall. Coincident with the change in chlorides there is a rise in the CO(2)-combining power. The uric acid and creatinine showed no typical changes. No vomiting was observed. This emphasizes the fact that vomiting alone does not account for the fall in blood chlorides characteristic of intestinal obstruction.
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PMID:EXPERIMENTAL HIGH INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN THE MONKEY. 1986 65