Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 21-year-old nulligravida underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy and laparoscopic potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser ablation of pelvic peritoneal endometriosis (revised American Fertility score of 10) for dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and dyschezia. Preoperatively the patient had an electrolyte bowel preparation but no antibiotic prophylaxis. Six days postoperatively she developed symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which were not affected by diet and over-the-counter bowel medications. Examination of stool samples for culture, ova, parasites, and Clostridium difficile toxin led to the diagnosis of C. difficile pseudomembranous enterocolitis. The patient was referred to a gastroenterologist. She required 4 months of metronidazole therapy, including two hospitalizations, before her symptoms resolved. The stool assay became negative for C. difficile toxin 6 months after surgery. Pseudomembranous enterocolitis may occur rarely in patients without the usual risk factors of antibiotic therapy. The role of electrolyte bowel preparation is uncertain, but it may have permitted overgrowth of C. difficile.
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PMID:Pseudomembranous enterocolitis after gynecologic endoscopy. 913 66

This is the first attempt at defining criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. The decision-making process was as for adults and consisted of arriving at consensus, based on clinical experience. This paper is intended to be a quick reference. The classification system selected differs from the one used in the adult population in that it is organized according to main complaints instead of being organ-targeted. Because the child is still developing, some disorders such as toddler's diarrhea (or functional diarrhea) are linked to certain physiologic stages; others may result from behavioral responses to sphincter function acquisition such as fecal retention; others will only be recognizable after the child is cognitively mature enough to report the symptoms (e.g., dyspepsia). Infant regurgitation, rumination, and cyclic vomiting constitute the vomiting disorders. Abdominal pain disorders are classified as: functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional abdominal pain, abdominal migraine, and aerophagia. Disorders of defecation include: infant dyschezia, functional constipation, functional fecal retention, and functional non-retentive fecal soiling. Some disorders, such as IBS and dyspepsia and functional abdominal pain, are exact replications of the adult criteria because there are enough data to confirm that they represent specific and similar disorders in pediatrics. Other disorders not included in the pediatric classification, such as functional biliary disorders, do occur in children; however, existing data are insufficient to warrant including them at the present time. For these disorders, it is suggested that, for the time being, clinicians refer to the criteria established for the adult population.
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PMID:Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders. 1045 47

Food-induced eosinophilic proctocolitis appears in the first 2 months of life with blood-tinged stools. Aside from occasional apparent pain on defecation and a few infants with moderate eczema, systemic features are absent. Indeed, aside from the diaper, the infant is generally described as well. Thus, in contrast to the infant with enterocolitis, features such as emesis, failure to thrive, significant anemia, and dramatic diarrhea are not seen. In contrast to infants with the other food-induced inflammatory diseases of the bowel, most symptomatic infants are exclusively breast fed. Proctoscopic examination reveals focal erythema, erosions, and/or the nodularity of lymphoid nodular hyperplasia of the rectosigmoid. Biopsies of the rectum and lower sigmoid reveal a characteristic infiltration of the mucosa and lamina propria with eosinophils, usually in excess of 6 to 10 per high powered field. Elimination of the offending protein from the diet of the infant, through use of an extensively hydrolyzed casein-based formula or the elimination of the protein from the diet of the mother of the breast-feeding infant, leads to clinical resolution of the bleeding within 72 to 96 hours. By 1 year of age the infants routinely tolerate an unrestricted diet, and the long term prognosis is excellent.
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PMID:Food-induced eosinophilic proctocolitis. 1063

An 11-year-old, entire male coton de tulear was presented on emergency with acute and severe depression, acute abdominal pain and vomiting of 24 hours duration. Historical complaints included right perineal swelling, dyschezia and tenesmus of 18 months duration. Abdominal ultrasonography and radiography suggested a pneumoperitoneum and positive-contrast colonography showed leakage of contrast medium into the caudal abdomen and the presence of a large retroperitoneal pouch. Exploratory laparotomy allowed the visualisation of faecal leakage from the retroperitoneal space into the peritoneal cavity. Using a perineal approach, a large necrotised rectal diverticulum filled with faeces was found over the retroperitoneal structures. A standard herniorrhaphy was then performed. The dog recovered uneventfully and dyschezia did not recur at the nine month follow-up. Rectal diverticulum rupture associated with peritonitis has not been described in the veterinary literature, to the authors' knowledge, and should be considered as a rare differential diagnosis in dogs being presented with gaseous peritonitis.
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PMID:Acute gaseous peritonitis after rupture of a retroperitoneal rectal diverticulum in a dog. 1800 5

Pica is an abnormal eating behavior in which patients persistently eat non-food materials, which can lead to health consequences. A man presented complaining of several months of back pain and constipation without vomiting, abdominal pain, or distension. He experienced increasing social isolation and emotional lability over 5 years. Radiological findings confirmed the diagnosis, noting multiple radiopaque foreign bodies. Several types of pica are described based on the substance consumed. Bezoars may develop in the gastrointestinal tract as a result of these ingestions. Lithobezoars are rare types of bezoars, more common in males and psychiatric patients. An important clue to the diagnosis of lithobezoars is severe constipation, recurrent abdominal or back pain, and painful defecation. The diagnosis might not be made for years if such symptoms are not related to careful history, abdominal examination, or radiological findings.
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PMID:An unusual case of bezoar from Sudan. 2515 98

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common worldwide and cover a wide range of disorders attributable to the gastrointestinal tract that cannot be explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities. The diagnosis of these disorders relies on the symptom-based Rome criteria. In 2016 the Rome criteria were revised for infants/toddlers and for children and adolescents. In this review, we discuss the novel Rome IV criteria for infants and toddlers. The criteria for infant colic were drastically changed, whereas only minor changes were made for regurgitation, cyclic vomiting syndrome, functional diarrhea, infant dyschezia and functional constipation. In addition to this, the new Rome IV discusses underlying mechanisms of pain in infants and toddlers, including the neuro-development of nociceptive and pain pathways, the various factors that are involved in pain experience, and methods of pain assessment in infants and toddlers is essential for the clinician who encounters functional pain in this age group. Overall, the Rome IV criteria have become more distinctive for all disorders in order to improve the process of diagnosing pediatric FGIDs.
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PMID:The New Rome IV Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infants and Toddlers. 2840 Oct 50

Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in infants and children are very frequent. To the most common belong: infant colic, regurgitation and functional constipation. In the year 2016 modified IV Rome criteria of functional gastrointestinal disorders were published. In the current work the authors discuss diagnostic criteria and therapy in regurgitation, rumination syndrome in infants, cyclic vomiting syndrome, infant colic, infant dyschezia and functional constipation in children younger than four years.
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PMID:[Functional gastrointestinal disorders in neonate and toddler. The Rome IV criteria]. 2880

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common among children and cause tremendous distress for patients and families. Family physicians should know how to diagnose and manage some of the more common childhood FGIDs. These include infant regurgitation, infant colic, infant dyschezia, cyclic vomiting syndrome, functional nausea and vomiting, functional diarrhea and constipation, abdominal migraine, and nonspecific functional abdominal pain. Diagnosis requires a thorough history and physical examination to rule out red flag signs and symptoms for structural or organic etiologies. Rome IV criteria can help establish a specific diagnosis so that clinicians can select a therapeutic approach and share prognosis with the patient and family. In general, FGID management requires a biopsychosocial approach. This includes symptom management with drugs, where applicable, and establishing a therapeutic relationship with the child and family to relieve distress and dysfunction that may be caused by or cause the FGID. Behavioral therapies such as direct behavioral therapy for younger children and cognitive behavioral therapy for older children are helpful for most FGIDs. More recent approaches include use of probiotics and drugs. Probiotics, for example, can help alleviate symptoms of infant colic in exclusively breastfed infants.
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PMID:Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children. 2952 7