Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A longitudinal study on the effects of age on the susceptibility to motion sickness in the squirrel monkey was carried out over a 10-year period (1982 to 1991). The typical life span of squirrel monkeys is 15 years. Ten mature male squirrel monkeys of the Bolivian subspecies were found to be susceptible to motion sickness induced by a combination of vertical oscillation at 0.5 Hz and rotation in the horizontal plane at 25 rotations per minute (RPM) in a visually unrestricted environment. Signs of motion sickness were quantified according to a rating scale based on Graybiel's diagnostic criteria. Latency to vomiting/retching and severity of sickness obtained from year 1 (baseline), 3, 5, 7 and 10 were subjected to repeated-measures design analysis. There were no significant differences in the susceptibility level (as measured by latency to vomiting/retching and cumulative sickness scores) in the monkeys throughout the 10-year period. The habituation to 7 consecutive daily exposures remained the same throughout the same period. We conclude that, in the squirrel monkeys from maturity to near the end of their life span, there is no change in susceptibility to motion sickness with aging.
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PMID:The influence of age on susceptibility to motion sickness in monkeys. 134

The effects of erythromycin on motor and electrical behavior of the antrum, pylorus, and duodenum were determined in chronically instrumented, awake dogs. Erythromycin infusion resulted in an abrupt, powerful increase in motility. The motility index increased 18-fold in the antrum, 15-fold in the pylorus, and 8-fold in the duodenum. Bradyarrhythmia with a 30% decrease in slow-wave frequency occurred in all animals. Retrograde giant contractions in association with retching and vomiting occurred in 88% of the dogs. Neostigmine was less potent than erythromycin in increasing motility. Hexamethonium given intra-arterially during erythromycin infusion abolished motility for 7.2 +/- 2.9 min and intra-arterial atropine did so for 51 +/- 25 min. Hexamethonium or atropine restored the electrical slow-wave frequency. The results provide evidence that erythromycin action involves cholinergic pathways including ganglionic transmission.
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PMID:Effects of erythromycin in the dog upper gastrointestinal tract. 135 2

Patients may not receive prescribed oxygen because the oxygen face mask becomes displaced. Using video, we have observed the position of the face mask in 20 postoperative patients and recorded the timing and the events associated with mask displacement. Correct placement of the mask was confirmed at the start of the 8-h study period from 22:00 on the first night after operation. The mask remained on continuously and positioned correctly in only one patient. In the other 19 patients, it was removed 64 times (range 1-10 times per patient). The mask was removed 45 times for nursing tasks such as mouth care and temperature measurement and these represented 70% of the total number of times that the mask was not in position. Other reasons for removal were vomiting, retching and removal by the patient. The mask remained off a median time of 6 min 55 s per episode (range 46 s to 7 h 46 min 57 s) and per patient a median of 1 h 6 min 48 s (range 1 min to 7 h 46 min 57 s). Mask removal resulted in an average decrease in oxygen saturation of 4%. Oxygen by mask at 4 litre min-1 maintained an average saturation > or = 95% in most, but not all, of the patients.
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PMID:Video surveillance of oxygen administration by mask in postoperative patients. 138 25

Thirty-four children with familial dysautonomia (FD) underwent Nissen fundoplication and gastrostomy. The indications for operation were persistent cyclic vomiting that resulted in repeated aspiration pneumonia (94% of the patients), chronic dehydration (82%), failure to thrive (97%), and frequent hospitalizations (76%). There was no operative or early postoperative mortality. Long-term follow-up for up to 12 years was available. Eight patients died during this period from 7 months to 7.5 years postoperatively. In 5 patients (15% of the operated patients), the fundoplication ceased to function 16 months to 5 years postoperatively, which was attributed mainly to repeated severe dysautonomic crises with vigorous retching. Vomiting ceased in 85% of the symptomatic patients; pulmonary deterioration was halted, and the frequency of aspiration pneumonia was reduced in 68%; nutritional improvement was seen in 44%; the hydration status improved in 88%; and the frequency of hospital admissions decreased in 74%. These long-term findings resulted in a significant improvement in the quality of life for the majority of the patients. The absence of operative mortality and the low postoperative morbidity, together with the long-term beneficial results of this surgical procedure, should encourage early surgical intervention in selected FD patients.
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PMID:Nissen fundoplication in the treatment of children with familial dysautonomia. 141 39

Ondansetron is a highly potent and selective antagonist at 5-HT3 receptors. Its anti-emetic actions were first revealed by its ability to antagonize retching and vomiting induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy in animals and man. Subsequently, the availability of labelled 5-HT3 receptor ligands allowed identification of 5-HT3 receptors, located at highest densities in the area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), in other areas of the brain, and on afferent terminals of the vagus nerve. Postoperative nausea and vomiting may be caused by various factors: the anaesthetic, associated drugs, the surgical procedure, movement of the patient, sex, weight and pain. These factors mediate their effects via the higher brain circuits, the vestibular nuclei, the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the area postrema, or the upper gastrointestinal tract via the vagus nerve, influencing motor and visceral emetic outputs in the hind-brain. It is hypothesized that ondansetron blocks nausea and vomiting by 5-HT3 receptor antagonism at two specific sites: (i) centrally, in the area postrema/NTS; and (ii) peripherally on vagus nerve terminals. The absence of other pharmacological effects of ondansetron ensures an absence of side-effects.
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PMID:Pharmacology of ondansetron. 142 23

Regional variations in the discharge patterns of the internal and external intercostal muscles of the middle and caudad thorax were studied in decerebrate, spontaneously breathing cats during coughing and vomiting. Coughing, induced by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerves, consisted of increased and prolonged diaphragmatic activity followed by a burst of abdominal activity. Mid-thoracic external and internal intercostal muscles discharged synchronously with the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, respectively. Caudal external and internal intercostal muscles, however, discharged synchronously with the abdominal muscles. Vomiting, induced by stimulation of the lower thoracic vagi, consisted of a series of synchronous bursts of diaphragmatic and abdominal activity (retching) followed by a prolonged abdominal discharge after the cessation of diaphragmatic activity (expulsion). Caudal external and internal intercostals discharged in phase with diaphragmatic and abdominal activity but both mid-thoracic intercostal muscles discharged out of phase with these muscles. These results indicate major differences in the control and functional roles of intercostal muscles at different thoracic levels during these behaviours.
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PMID:Regional intercostal activity during coughing and vomiting in decerebrate cats. 147 51

1. The patterns of membrane potential changes of phrenic motoneurons were compared during fictive vomiting, fictive coughing, and fictive swallowing in decerebrate, paralyzed cats. These fictive behaviors were identified by motor nerve discharge patterns similar to those recorded from the muscles of nonparalyzed animals. Phrenic motoneurons (n = 54) were identified by antidromic activation from the thoracic phrenic nerve. Intracellular recordings were obtained from 27 motoneurons during fictive vomiting, 40 during fictive coughing, and 27 during fictive swallowing. Sixteen motoneurons were recorded during both fictive coughing and fictive swallowing, eight during both fictive coughing and fictive vomiting, and two during both fictive vomiting and fictive swallowing. Seven motoneurons were studied during all three behaviors. 2. Fictive vomiting, typically evoked by electrical stimulation of abdominal vagal afferents, was characterized by a series of bursts of coactivation of phrenic and abdominal motor nerves, culminating in an expulsion phase in which abdominal discharge was prolonged both with respect to phrenic discharge and to abdominal discharge during the preceding retching phase. During fictive vomiting, phrenic motoneurons depolarized abruptly, and the amplitude of depolarization was significantly greater than during control inspirations. They then repolarized slowly throughout the phrenic burst, rapidly repolarizing at the end of each phrenic burst during retching and reaching a level similar to that observed during expiration. During the expulsion phase, the pattern was initially the same. However, after the cessation of phrenic discharge, the membrane potential repolarized slowly until the end of the abdominal burst, exhibiting greater synaptic noise than during expiration. One phrenic motoneuron, presumably innervating the periesophageal region of the diaphragm, received a strong hyperpolarization just before the onset of the emetic episode and fired for shorter periods during fictive vomiting than did other phrenic motoneurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Membrane potential changes of phrenic motoneurons during fictive vomiting, coughing, and swallowing in the decerebrate cat. 149 Dec 61

The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and requirements for anti-emetic medication were assessed in 80 female patients undergoing day-case anaesthesia during assisted conception therapy. Anaesthesia was induced with alfentanil 50 micrograms.kg-1 and propofol 1 mg.kg-1; atracurium 0.5 mg.kg-1 was given to facilitate tracheal intubation. The patients were allocated to receive either total intravenous maintenance of anaesthesia with an infusion of propofol and increments of alfentanil (Group P) or inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and enflurane (Group E). Postoperative nausea, retching, vomiting, requirements for anti-emetic therapy, and unplanned admission for overnight stay in hospital were recorded. Overall incidence of nausea was 64% in group E and 39% in Group P (P less than 0.05). Incidence of vomiting was 67% in Group E and 34% in Group P (P less than 0.05). Metoclopramide was requested by 62% of patients in Group E, and 32% of those in Group P (P less than 0.05); 21% of the patients in Group E were admitted to hospital overnight, while only 5% of the patients in Group P required unscheduled admission to hospital (P less than 0.05). We conclude that total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil is superior to inhalational maintenance with nitrous oxide and enflurane in that it is associated with less nausea and vomiting, less requirement for anti-emetic medication, and a lower probability of unplanned admission to hospital after day-care gynaecological surgery.
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PMID:Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil protects against postoperative nausea and vomiting. 153 Nov 18

Acute/subacute side effects were evaluated in 39 testicular cancer patients before infra-diaphragmatic radiotherapy, twice during therapy and 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment discontinuation. The evaluation was primarily based on questionnaires filled in by the patients. At the end of radiotherapy nausea was reported by all responding patients, and 29 patients complained of diarrhea. Two-thirds of the patients reported abdominal pain and/or meteorism, and one-half complained of retching and/or vomiting. During therapy the median weight was significantly reduced by three kilos and the median value of the performance status decreased by 20%. The hematological and biochemical toxicity was low. At the 3-month evaluation more patients complained of nausea, abdominal pain, and meteorism than before irradiation. Compared to the pretreatment situation the patients evaluated their physical condition to be reduced during treatment and at the first follow-up visit. One year posttreatment the patients had regained their physical fitness. All patients in income-producing activity were on sick leave during the period of radiotherapy and for 5 weeks (median) thereafter. In conclusion, infra-diaphragmatic radiotherapy leads to significant but reversible acute/subacute side effects lasting for a median of 9 weeks. It is hoped that better symptomatic therapy and modifications of the radiotherapy technique will reduce the side effects.
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PMID:Acute and subacute side effects due to infra-diaphragmatic radiotherapy for testicular cancer: a prospective study. 155 53

Vomiting after strabismus surgery is a major problem that remains as yet unsolved, especially in children. Droperidol and metoclopramide, both known as powerful antiemetic drugs, were compared in this study. METHODS. One hundred ASA class I and II children ranging from 3 to 10 years of age were studied in a double-blind, randomised fashion. They were assigned to three groups: group D (n = 33) received 0.075 mg/kg droperidol, group M (n = 33) 0.15 mg/kg metoclopramide, and group N (n = 34) 0.1 ml/kg NaCl i.v. upon arrival in the post-anaesthesia recovery room (PARR). After oral premedication with 0.4 mg/kg midazolam, anaesthesia was induced via a face mask by inhalation of halothane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen. Barbiturates, atropine, and succinylcholine were not used; 0.05 mg/kg vecuronium was given to facilitate intubation. Gastric contents were aspirated by a gastric tube at the end of the operation. Vomiting and retching were recorded for 24 h; recovery from anaesthesia was assessed by a modified Steward score. RESULTS. The three groups were comparable regarding age, body weight, duration of anaesthesia, number of repaired eye muscles, and occurrence of the oculocardiac reflex (OCR). During the first 24 h postoperatively 21/33 (64%) patients of group D vomited, 24/33 (73%) of group M, and 33/34 (97%) of group N. The differences between groups D and N and between M and N were significant (P less than 0.01); comparison of groups D and M showed no statistical significance. Droperidol was more effective in reducing severe vomiting. Of the group N children, 47% vomited more than 6 times in 24 h compared to 18% of group M and 0% of group D. Age, sex, duration of anaesthesia, number of repaired eye muscles, and occurrence of the OCR had no influence on postoperative vomiting. Despite being administered at the end of the operation, droperidol did not prolong the patients' stay in the PARR. The post-anaesthetic scores for group D children were only slightly lower compared to groups M and N. CONCLUSIONS. Droperidol (0.075 mg/kg) and metoclopramide (0.15 mg/kg) both reduce postoperative vomiting after strabismus surgery. Droperidol seems to be more effective in reducing severe vomiting. Postoperative sedation after droperidol was not a major problem in our experience.
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PMID:[Droperidol versus metoclopramide. Prevention of emesis following strabismus surgery in children]. 161 15


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