Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA, NSC 95580) has been demonstrated to be the most effective of the known and studied polar-planar compounds at inducing differentiation in a wide variety of leukemic and nonleukemic cell lines. Although HMBA demonstrated no antineoplastic activity in preclinical testing, it was selected for clinical development on the basis of its potent differentiating capabilities in vitro. In this phase I study, HMBA was administered as a continuous five-day infusion every 3 weeks to patients with advanced cancer. Twenty-three patients received 35 evaluable courses at doses that ranged from 4.8 to 33.6 g/m2/d. Dose-limiting toxicities included renal insufficiency, a hyperchloremic metabolic acidemia/acidosis, and CNS toxicities manifested by agitation and delirium, which progressed to coma in one patient who developed concomitant renal insufficiency. Moderate myelosuppression, mucositis, nausea, and vomiting were also observed. The pharmacokinetics of HMBA best fit a single compartmental model and disposition is primarily by renal elimination. Renal excretion of HMBA and of the primary metabolite, 6-acetoamidohexanoic acid, together account for the disposition of 66% to 93% (mean, 74%) of the infused drug. Based on this trial, the maximum tolerated and recommended phase II doses for HMBA administered on this schedule are 33.6 and 24 g/m2/d, respectively. However, since steady-state HMBA levels at these doses were in the range of 1 to 2 mmol/L, only approaching the lower limit demonstrated for in vitro differentiating effectiveness, and because of evidence suggesting that the exposure period is an important variable in the induction of differentiation, additional studies examining longer periods of infusion are warranted.
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PMID:Phase I and pharmacologic study of hexamethylene bisacetamide in patients with advanced cancer. 378 6

We questioned whether there was any way to predict which patients with high serum theophylline levels would develop life-threatening toxicity and thereby determine which patients might benefit from prophylactic therapeutic measures, such as hemoperfusion or hemodialysis. We reviewed the records of 54 consecutive patients seen over a five-year period in whom the serum theophylline level was 39 micrograms/ml or higher (range 39-78 micrograms/ml, mean theophylline level 49.5 +/- 9.6 micrograms/ml). Toxicity sought included cardiovascular--major arrhythmias (asystole, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) and minor arrhythmias, (central nervous system--major [seizures], minor [confusion, agitation]); and gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea). In our sample of patients with extremely high theophylline levels, the incidence of life-threatening complications was low, and the subgroup of patients with high serum theophylline levels who developed life-threatening toxicity could not be easily identified. We conclude that major interventional procedures such as hemoperfusion or hemodialysis should not be used prophylactically in this population of patients of middle age to elderly men with high theophylline levels. We recommend a more conservative approach of using oral activated charcoal therapy in all patients with high serum theophylline levels, and reserving hemoperfusion or hemodialysis for those patients who develop seizures or major arrhythmias.
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PMID:Life-threatening theophylline toxicity is not predictable by serum levels. 379 59

Clinical effectiveness of ketotifen was evaluated in 15 children, aged 1-3 years, affected by atopic eczema likely due to food allergy. The study, lasting 15 weeks, was divided, according to the protocol, as follow: week run-in period with a restrictive diet; 8 week ketotifen therapy (the first 2 weeks with restrictive diet and the following 6 with free diet); 4 week follow-up phase with free diet. The adherence to treatment was complete in 11 patients; in 6 children symptomatology disappeared, 4 patients had fair improvement. The drug lasted only partially for a maximum 2 week period following the withdrawal. Side-effects (vomiting, enuresis, night restlessness) were moderate, short lasting and did not require the interruption of the protocol. Moreover, a mean 1 kg body weight increase was noticed.
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PMID:[Ketotifen in the treatment of pediatric atopic eczema]. 383 59

During a 2 year period nitrous oxide was used as a sole or supplementary analgesic during 173 vascular or interventional procedures including peripheral angiography and endourologic and endobiliary procedures. The decision to administer nitrous oxide to a given patient was a matter of physician preference. Patients with bowel obstruction, pneumothorax, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were excluded from this method of analgesia. The nitrous oxide was administered by a radiology nurse under the supervision of an attending radiologist. Nitrous oxide was used without premedication for 39 procedures and with premedication (usually meperidine 1 mg/kg, promethazine 0.3 mg/kg, or atropine 0.01 mg/kg) in 134 procedures. In 74% of nonpremedicated individuals analgesia was adequate with nitrous oxide alone; 26% required supplemental intravenous medication. In 61% of premedicated individuals pain relief was adequate with nitrous oxide; 39% required supplemental intravenous medication. Complications, including nausea, vomiting, and agitation, occurred in eight patients, but were minor and easily reversed by decreasing the concentration of nitrous oxide. Nasally administered nitrous oxide is a safe, easily used, and effective analgesic.
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PMID:Nitrous oxide: effective analgesic for vascular and interventional procedures. 387 37

The effects of high sodium 144 mmol/l (mEq/l) dialysate were studied in normotensive, hypertensive and anephric chronic hemodialysis patients. Comparisons of blood pressures, weights and side effects associated with the hemodialysis procedure were made between two 6-month periods using dialysate sodium concentration of 133 mmol/l (mEq/l), followed by a high dialysate sodium of 144 mmol/l (mEq/l), each patient acting as his own control. No difference was found in the frequency of cramps or 'disequilibrium' side effects (nausea, vomiting, headache, restlessness). High sodium dialysate is beneficial for normotensive and anephric patients in reducing dialysis-induced hypotension and was not associated with any deleterious effects on long-term blood pressure control. In hypertensive patients, the benefit is less clear, and hypertension may increase.
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PMID:Effects of high sodium dialysate during maintenance hemodialysis. 403 43

Seventy-six patients receiving cisplatin and noncisplatin-containing cancer chemotherapy were treated with an outpatient phase II metoclopramide regimen. The program consisted of an outpatient intravenous loading dose of metoclopramide before chemotherapy, followed by oral metoclopramide at 1, 3, 5, and 8 hours after chemotherapy. Three oral dose levels were evaluated. Treatment with 2 mg/kg/dose or 100 mg/dose resulted in no vomiting in 53% of 65 evaluable patients, and 0-2 episodes of emesis in 74%. Oral doses of 50 mg/dose were less effective, preventing emesis in 18%. This trial demonstrated the antiemetic effectiveness of high-dose oral metoclopramide in a new schedule designed for the outpatient setting. The side effects included restlessness (51% of patients), dystonic reactions (9%), and gastrointestinal complaints (41%).
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PMID:High-dose oral metoclopramide. An effective antiemetic agent. 405 Jul 45

Between 27 September and 27 December 1969, 103 patients diagnosed as having yellow fever were admitted to Vom Christian Hospital, near Jos, Nigeria. Headache and vomiting were the commonest presenting complaints, and 95% of the patients showed scleral icterus or bile pigments in the urine. Haemorrhage, signs of renal failure, and CNS involvement (agitation, seizures) were associated with a grave prognosis. The overall case-fatality ratio was 45.6%. The average duration of illness for fatal cases was 6.4 days and for non-fatal cases 17.8 days. Six illustrative case histories are presented.
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PMID:Clinical features of yellow fever cases at Vom Christian Hospital during the 1969 epidemic on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. 453 38

1. The cardiovascular and behavioural effects of cholinomimetic drugs injected through a cannula chronically implanted into a lateral cerebral ventricle were examined in unanaesthetized dogs.2. Acetylcholine (ACh) (10-20 mug) produced an increase in arterial pressure and heart rate, the dogs became more alert, moved their heads, licked and swallowed and then became drowsy.3. The responses to ACh were potentiated by intraventricular physostigmine (5 mug), were abolished by intraventricular atropine (100 mug) but were unaffected by intraventricular mecamylamine (250 mug). The responses to ACh were reproducible on any one day if injections were given again after a 30 min interval but tolerance developed when ACh was injected repeatedly over periods of several days.4. Methacholine (40 mug) produced similar behavioural and cardiovascular effects to ACh but of a longer duration. The responses to methacholine were abolished by intraventricular atropine (100 mug).5. Nicotine (20-60 mug) produced a biphasic cardiovascular response of an initial brief pressor response and tachycardia followed by a secondary increase in arterial pressure and heart rate which was greater in magnitude and duration. The secondary cardiovascular effects were associated with restlessness and vomiting.6. The responses to nicotine were abolished by prior injection of mecamylamine (250 mug) but were unaffected by atropine (100 mug). The responses to nicotine were not reproducible if injections were repeated on the same day but could be again produced if a few days were allowed to elapse between injections.7. An increased heart rate occurred during the pressor response to the cholinomimetic drugs but when a comparable pressor response was produced by intravenous infusion of noradrenaline in the same unanaesthetized dogs pronounced reflex bradycardia resulted.8. The results indicate that the activation of both muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms leads to cardiovascular and behavioural effects in the conscious dog although the site of action and peripheral mechanisms have not been determined.
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PMID:Cardiovascular responses to injections of cholinomimetic drugs into the cerebral ventricles of unanaesthetized dogs. 472 36

One hundred and ninety-nine children received lorazepam 0.05 mg kg-1 or trimeprazine 3 mg kg-1 as oral premedication in a double-blind trial. Lorazepam proved more palatable and produced a cheerful demeanour, but possessed no significant advantages on overall assessment before surgery. Following operation, restlessness with vomiting, and evidence of retrograde amnesia occurred more frequently with lorazepam.
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PMID:Comparative study of lorazepam and trimeprazine for oral premedication in paediatric anaesthesia. 612 37

Vaginal suppositories containing (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha methyl ester were administered to 40 subjects, in an attempt to induce an early abortion. All subjects were 49 days or less from their last menstrual period. Ten subjects received a 3-mg suppository followed in 3 hours by a 1 mg suppository, ten subjects received the 1-mg suppository followed in 3 hours by a 3-mg suppository, and twenty subjects received the 3-mg suppository followed in 1 hour by the 1-mg suppository. Twenty-four subjects (60%) had a successful termination of their pregnancy using the two vaginal prostaglandin suppository regimen. All subjects who aborted had 10 percent or less of their pretreatment levels of beta-hCG 7 to 22 days after therapy. Sixteen subjects (40%) did not abort. One of the subjects who failed treatment refused the second suppository due to gastrointestinal side effects and uterine cramping following the insertion of the 1-mg suppository. A second subject had an incomplete abortion and developed mild endometritis. Sixteen subjects reported side effects which included nausea, emesis, diarrhea, uterine cramping requiring analgesia, restlessness, shakiness, and dizziness. The addition of the second vaginal suppository containing this particular prostaglandin analogue did not significantly increase the overall abortifacient activity of this method.
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PMID:Termination of early gestation with (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha methyl ester vaginal suppositories. 617 57


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