Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ten clinically intact weaned piglets were experimentally intoxicated by intravenous injection of lipoproteide-free lipopolysaccharide endotoxin according to Westphal of E. coli O 127:B8. Severe endotoxin shock with all clinical manifestations of experimental coli-enterotoxaemia was induced in all animals and included circulatory disorder with tachycardia, intermittent pallor and/or cyanosis, symptoms of severe systemic intoxication, neurological symptoms, such as lack of coordination, hindleg staggering, spasm, paresis, paralysis, changes in respiration, such as rise in respiratory frequency and deepened breathing premortal deceleration of respiration and gasping for breath, temperature, variation, including hyperthermia and aggravating hypothermia, gastro-intestinal symptoms, such as temporary vomiting and persistent diarrhoea, leucopenia, eosinopenia, variation of haematocrit, edematisation, increased transudation, congestion, and gastro-intestinal shock lesions. Eight animals died. These experiments quite obviously have confirmed that endotoxin shock is the common pathogenetic principle behind all forms of coli-entertoxaemia (i.e, the forms of edematisation, cardiovascular failure, and gastro-intestinal processes.) Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin alone may be responsible for the development of both edemas and neurotoxic symptoms (edema disease) and diarrhoea (gastro-intestinal form of coli-enterotoxaemia). The pathogenetic relevance of additional toxins (neurotoxin and enterotoxin) is discussed under this aspect.
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PMID:[Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of Coli-enterotoxemia in swine. 4. Effect of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin on weaned piglets following parenteral administration]. 33 9

Benzodiazepines have so many uses in cancer patients that the physician may target more than one advantage as he considers choice of drug and dose. Nausea, pain, and anxiety may be treated simultaneously. Since these patients are often taking a number of medications, the simplest regimen has the most benefit. These drugs treat reactive anxiety, insomnia, claustrophobia, and panic disorder. As they treat anticipatory anxiety and phobia, they mitigate anticipatory nausea and a component of post-treatment nausea. With chemotherapy itself, they cause sedation, suppress recall of treatment, limit vomiting, and are seen as desirable by patients. They suppress the restlessness associated with metoclopramide and other dopamine-antagonist antiemetics. The analgesic effects are best seen in conditions of high anxiety, muscle spasm, and deafferentation syndromes. The advantages of sedative and antipsychotic effects may be exploited to suppress the psychiatric complications of high-dose corticosteroids.
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PMID:Strategic use of benzodiazepines in cancer patients. 183 Oct 42

When esophageal disruption occurs in the presence of preexisting esophageal disease or is associated with sepsis or fluid and electrolyte imbalance, aggressive and definitive therapy often provides the only chance for patient salvage. Twenty-four adults (average age, 59 years) with intrathoracic esophageal perforations underwent esophagectomy: 15, transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy; and 9, transthoracic esophagectomy. Restoration of alimentary continuity with an immediate cervical esophagogastric anastomosis was carried out in 13 patients. Eleven underwent a cervical or anterior thoracic esophagostomy, and 10 of them had a subsequent colonic (7) or gastric (3) interposition from 4 to 32 weeks (average time, 8.6 weeks) later. The perforations were due to esophageal instrumentation (9 patients), acute caustic ingestion (2), emesis (2), intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomotic disruption (2), and other causes (9). Preexisting esophageal disease in 20 patients included chronic strictures (10 patients), reflux esophagitis (3), esophageal cancer (3), achalasia (2), diffuse spasm (2), and monilial esophagitis (1 patient). Ten patients were operated on within 12 hours after the injury; 3, within 12 to 24 hours; and 11, within three to 45 days (average interval, 6.6 days). There were three hospital deaths (13%). Nineteen of the 21 survivors were able to swallow comfortably until the time of death or latest follow-up. Aggressive diagnosis and aggressive treatment of life-threatening esophageal perforations are advocated. Conservative procedures (repair, diversion, or drainage) for a perforation with preexisting esophageal disease often inflict more morbidity than esophageal resection, which eliminates the perforation, the source of sepsis, and the underlying esophageal disease. The decision to restore alimentary continuity in a single stage must be individualized.
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PMID:Esophagectomy for esophageal disruption. 229 75

The pathophysiology and treatment of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are reviewed. SAH occurs when blood is released into the subarachnoid space, which surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of SAH include severe headache, nausea, vomiting, neck pain, nuchal rigidity, and photophobia. The initial hemorrhage is fatal in 20-30% of patients. Complications of SAH include rebleeding, hydrocephalus, delayed cerebral ischemia associated with cerebral vasospasm, and seizures. The likelihood of rebleeding is increased by measures that rapidly lower intracranial pressure. The risk of developing hydrocephalus is associated with the volume of blood within the subarachnoid space and ventricular system. Cerebral vasospasm develops in 20-40% of patients, and up to 50% of affected patients die or suffer permanent neurological damage. Seizures occur in 5-15% of patients with SAH. Radiologic procedures form the foundation for the diagnosis of SAH. The most commonly used rating scale classifies the severity of SAH based on the clinical presentation of the patient. Surgery is the definitive treatment for the prevention of rebleeding. Hydrocephalus can only be treated surgically, most commonly by insertion of a drain. The only measures proved to be effective for treatment of delayed cerebral ischemia are volume expansion and the induction of hypertension. The calcium-channel blocker nimodipine was recently approved for treatment of arterial spasm in SAH. Intravenous nicardipine is also being studied for the same indication. These agents may improve clinical outcome substantially by limiting fixed neurological deficits. To prevent seizures, prophylactic antiepileptic therapy with phenytoin sodium is generally accepted. The SAH complications of rebleeding, hydrocephalus, delayed cerebral ischemia, and seizures are managed by surgical, drug, and fluid therapy.
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PMID:Pathophysiology and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage. 240 1

Heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, sympathomimetic drugs can cause cerebral angiopathy. We report 2 patients with cerebrovascular disorders after ingestion of a nasal vasoconstrictor containing phenylpropanolamine (P.P.A.). The first patient had two acute repetitive attacks of severe headache and vomiting, occurring after a daily treatment with 180 mg of P.P.A. during 6 weeks. The second patient had an intracerebral hemorrhage, occurring some hours after taking for the first time 120 mg of P.P.A. In both cases, cerebral angiography, performed in the next week, demonstrated segmental narrowing and dilatations of medium-size intracranial arteries. None of the usual causes of cerebral vasculitis were present. The outcome was favorable and follow-up angiograms showed the disappearance of the beading pattern. P.P.A. is widely used over the counter in diet pills and stimulants. Cerebral vascular complications have been rarely reported, always hemorrhagic and often associated with cerebral vasculitis. They are unrelated to duration or dosage of treatment. The mechanism is unclear but could result from several factors: chronic or paroxystic high blood pressure, immuno-allergic vasculitis, arterial spasm, direct "toxic" effect of the P.P.A. on the arterial wall may be increased by other drugs and caffeine.
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PMID:[Benign cerebral angiopathies and phenylpropanolamine]. 304 37

2 cases reports are described of patients with renal artery stenosis who presented with hypertensive encephalopathy, normal blood pressures having been recorded within the previous 6 months while taking oral contraceptives (OCs). A 27-year-old woman, admitted to the hospital following 2 grand mal fits, had suffered from increasing headaches, nausea, and vomiting over the previous month. Her blood pressure had been elevated at 160/110 mmHg 1 week prior to admission but had been normal over previous 11 years while taking OCs (various formulations of combined estrogen and progestogen) which she had stopped taking 2 months previously. She was a nonsmoker. Her blood pressure was controlled with atenolol, nifedipine, and bendrofluazide, and her conscious level returned to normal with no further fits. An intravenous urogram revealed a small left kidney with a delayed nephrogram, and subsequent arteriography showed bilateral medial fibromuscular dysplasia with a narrow stenosis of the left renal artery. Attempted balloon angioplasty was unsuccessful due to arterial spasm. 4 months after presentation she became pregnant. Blood pressure was controlled with methyl dopa during pregnancy which progressed uneventfully to full term. In the 2nd case, a 19-year old girl became confused and suffered a grand mal convulsion. She had complained of headaches over the previous 3 days. Her blood pressure had been normal over the previous 6 months while taking Logynon (phased formulation of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel). She was a nonsmoker. On admission to the hospital, she suffered further generalized convulsions. Despite control of her convulsions with intravenous chlormethiazole, her blood pressure rose to 220/140 mmHg, and this was controlled with intravenous hydralazine and propranolol. The following day she was conscious and was changed to oral therapy. A renogram and DMSA scan showed normal sized kidneys, but there was evidence of decreased blood flow to the left kidney with an increased transit time. Renal arteriography showed a stenosis of the left renal artery, typical of intimal fibromuscular dysplasia, which was dilated by balloon angioplasty. Anti-hypertensive medication was withdrawn postoperatively, and her blood pressure has remained well controlled. In both of the cases the onset of hypertension was rapid with encephalopathy being the presenting feature. Hypertensive encephalopathy is well recognized as a presenting feature of renal transplant artery stenosis but not in cases of native renal artery stenosis. 1 of the patients had stopped using OCs 2 months before presentation, suggesting that although there may have been an association between OC use and the development of fibromuscular dysplasia, it could not be implicated in the mode of presentation.
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PMID:Encephalopathy in renovascular hypertension associated with the use of oral contraceptives. 311 27

Among 600 infants examined with ultrasound for vomiting, seven (mean age, 3 months) had distinctive features that can be considered diagnostic of gastric ulcer. The findings are thickening of the mucosa (greater than 4 mm) in the antropyloric region, elongation of the antropyloric canal, persistent spasm, and delayed gastric emptying. Two of the infants had slight thickening of the pyloric muscle. Gastrointestinal series or endoscopy demonstrated thickened gastric mucosa and a deformed gastric antrum in all infants, as well as actual ulceration in five.
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PMID:Gastric ulcer disease in infants: US findings. 329 86

A clinical trial on fenoverine was performed in two parts, one double-blind and one open. In the double-blind segment, 69 patients with chronic gastro-intestinal spasmodic conditions were allocated, according to a pre-set randomization table, to receive orally 3 daily doses of fenoverine (100 mg; 35 patients), trimebutine (150 mg; 14 patients) or placebo (20 patients) during an average of 8 days. In the open assay, 60 similar patients were treated during an average of 10 days with 100 mg fenoverine, orally, 3-times daily. Clinical efficacy was evaluated on the grounds of complete or almost complete remission of all symptoms and signs associated with the spasmodic condition. In the double-blind segment, 66% of patients given fenoverine experienced remission, a significantly higher proportion than those who had placebo (40%). The results with trimebutine (71%) could not be statistically differentiated from those of either fenoverine or placebo. In the open segment, 72% of patients experienced remission with fenoverine, thus showing an overall effectiveness in 70% of the total 95 patients who had such treatment. In neither study could a significant influence of spasm localization be shown on the clinical efficacy of fenoverine. Fenoverine also exerted an unexpected, though clinically interesting, anti-emetic action: of the 14 patients reporting vomiting on entry, 12 (86%) responded positively to fenoverine, whereas none responded out of the 3 who had placebo. Possible side-reactions were limited with fenoverine: there were only 17 (18%) complaints, mainly dry mouth, of which 6 were very mild.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Fenoverine: a two-step, double-blind and open clinical assessments of its smooth muscle synchronizing effects. 351 69

After ingestion of an unknown amount of a gun blueing compound containing selenious acid (11 ml from the bottle fluid were missing, equivalent to 2.9 g Se) a 2-year-old girl suffered from continuous hyper-salivation, vomiting, diarrhoea, restlessness and muscle spasm. Blood pressure and pulse rate were increased. Symptomatic treatment was performed by parenteral fluid administration. The plasma Se concentration was increased to 20 times normal 5 h after ingestion. Erythrocyte Se exceeded plasma Se, 24 h after intoxication. Urinary Se excretion decreased parallel to the plasma Se concentration. Ten weeks later, the Se content of hair had risen to 10 times normal. The plasma glutathione peroxidase activity showed only a slight increase during the first 36 h, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were not significantly altered. The child fully recovered.
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PMID:Acute selenium poisoning of a 2-year-old child. 359 54

Recurrent vomiting is common in children with severe mental retardation and leads to significant morbidity with malnutrition, anemia, and aspiration pneumonitis. Spasms of the abdominal muscles and diaphragm, uncoordinated peristalsis, and central nervous system disorders are causes of dysphagia and continuous gastroesophageal reflux. It is desirable that mentally retarded children with vomiting have a barium swallow and esophagoscopy as early as possible. Fundoplication should be performed before complications develop. Spasms with aspiration followed by apnea, in particular, are life-threatening situations. After surgery there is a definite improvement in mental and physical development.
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PMID:Gastroesophageal reflux and severe mental retardation. 392 35


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