Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Gastroparesis is a disorder of the stomach caused by delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Symptoms of gastroparesis include nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating, and abdominal discomfort. Gastroparesis has been described as a complication of several malignancies, including gastric, pancreatic, gallbladder, esophageal, and lung cancers, as well as leiomyosarcoma. The prevalence of malignant gastroparesis (MG) is unknown, and this entity is widely underrecognized and undertreated. Diabetes mellitus is the most common identifiable cause of benign gastroparesis, ie, gastroparesis occurring in the absence of an underlying malignant pathology. In the setting of malignancy, gastroparesis may result from the cancer itself or may be a complication of its treatment with such modalities as surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. Coexisting conditions, including diabetes, hypothyroidism, and neurologic diseases, may further exacerbate MG. The pathogenesis of MG is not clearly understood at present. However, mechanisms suggested in the literature include postvagotomy syndrome, malignant infiltration of the autonomic nervous system, and paraneoplastic dysmotility with autoantibody-mediated destruction of the enteric nervous system (the interstitial cells of Cajal, also called the intrinsic pacemaker of the gastrointestinal tract, or the myenteric plexus). Appropriate treatment of MG may help to avoid serious consequences, such as cancer cachexia, intolerance of oral anticancer agents, dehydration, and hospitalization. In this article, we will describe our institutional experience with MG and will provide a concise review of the literature. Guidelines for management will be suggested.
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PMID:Malignant gastroparesis: pathogenesis and management of an underrecognized disorder. 1794 45

Corticosteroids have been used extensively since cortisone was first synthesized in the 1950s. Glucocorticoids are derived from cortisone and are used in treatments for inflammation, dermatitis, allergic reactions, asthma, hepatitis, lupus erythematosus, nausea, vomiting and inflammatory bowel diseases. In the setting of palliative care, glucocorticoids have many uses, including many symptoms of malignancy, nausea, vomiting, depression, fatigue, anorexia and cachexia.
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PMID:Role of corticosteroids in palliative care. 1803 21

We present a 73-year-old man with isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency and "flexion contractures" syndrome along with a review of the relevant literature. The patient initially presented anorexia, vomiting, arthralgias, malaise, and weight loss, which progressively deteriorated during the subsequent 6 months. He was admitted to the hospital with fever, confusion, severe cachexia, sinus tachycardia, low blood pressure, hyponatremia, and inability to stand or walk due to severe flexion contractures of the lower extremities (from hips to knees). The flexion contractures were not resolved by physiotherapy or diazepam administration. Due to his life-threatening condition the patient was empirically submitted to glucocorticoid replacement therapy and a remarkable relief from all the above symptoms was observed. A subsequent thorough endocrine investigation suggested the diagnosis of isolated ACTH deficiency (IAD) of unknown pathogenetic mechanism. Hence, in patients with "flexion contractures" syndrome, the pituitary adrenal axis should be evaluated.
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PMID:Isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency and flexion contractures syndrome. 1912 93

Eating disorders are typical diseases of adolescence and early adulthood. About 1-3% of female juveniles suffer from anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN). Today AN is still the psychiatric disease with the highest mortality rate. The peri-operative mortality rate of patients suffering from AN is in the range up to 15%. The beginning of AN is a lingering process and the majority of patients show increasingly restrictive eating habits ending in cachexia. Patients are obsessed by the predominant idea of being obese in spite of having a significant underweight. Patients suffering from bulimia break the strict regimen by eating enormous amounts of high calorie food. Such eating attacks are followed by weight reducing measures, mostly vomiting. Most of the physical changes caused by AN are due to starvation and loss of weight. The most significant medical complications are alterations of the cardiovascular system accompanied by decreasing contractility of the heart, bradycardia, electrocardiographic changes as well as disequilibrium of electrolytic and water balance. Most of these symptoms can be reversed by putting on weight.
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PMID:[Anesthesia in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa]. 2013 84

Two cannabinoids receptors have been characterised in mammals; cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CBI) which is ubiquitous in the central nervous system (CNS), and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CBII) that is expressed mainly in immune cells. Cannabinoids have been used in the treatment of nausea and emesis, anorexia and cachexia, tremor and pain associated with multiple sclerosis. These treatments are limited by the psychoactive side-effects of CBI activation. Recently CBII has been described within the CNS, both in microglia and neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs), but with few exceptions, not by neurons within the CNS. This has suggested that CBII agonists could have potential to treat various conditions without psycho-activity. This article reviews the potential for CBII agonists as treatments for neurological conditions, with a focus on microglia and NPCs as drug targets. We first discuss the role of microglia in the healthy brain, and then the role of microglia in chronic neuroinflammatory disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as in neuroinflammation following acute brain injury such as stroke and global hypoxia. As activation of CBII receptor on microglia results in suppression of the proliferation and activation of microglia, there is potential for the anti-inflammatory properties of CBII agonist to treat neuropathologies that involve heightened microglia activity. In addition, activating CBII receptors may result in an increase in proliferation and affect migration of NPCs. Therefore, it is possible that CBII agonists may assist in the treatment of neuropathologies by increasing neurogenesis. In the second part of the article, we review the state of development of CBII selective drugs with an emphasis on critical aspects of CBII agonist structural activity relationship (SAR).
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PMID:The development of cannabinoid CBII receptor agonists for the treatment of central neuropathies. 2023 42

Numerous studies have indicated that in cancer treatment Chinese herbal medicines in combination with chemo- or radio-therapy can be used to enhance the efficacy of and diminish the side effects and complications caused by chemo- and radio-therapy. Therefore, an understanding of Chinese herbal medicines is needed by physicians and other health care providers. This review provides evidence for use of Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant cancer treatment during chemo- or radio-therapy. First, Chinese herbal medicines (e.g. Astragalus, Turmeric, Ginseng, TJ-41, PHY906, Huachansu injection, and Kanglaite injection) that are commonly used by cancer patients for treating the cancer and/or reducing the toxicity induced by chemo- or radio-therapy are discussed. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that these Chinese herbal medicines possess great advantages in terms of suppressing tumor progression, increasing the sensitivity of chemo- and radio-therapeutics, improving an organism's immune system function, and lessening the damage caused by chemo- and radio-therapeutics. Second, clinical trials of Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant cancer treatment are reviewed. By reducing side effects and complications during chemo- and radio-therapy, these Chinese herbal medicines have a significant effect on reducing cancer-related fatigue and pain, improving respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal side effects including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, protecting liver function, and even ameliorating the symptoms of cachexia. This review should contribute to an understanding of Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant treatment for cancer and provide useful information for the development of more effective anti-cancer drugs.
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PMID:Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant treatment during chemo- or radio-therapy for cancer. 2124 27

Primary care clinicians increasingly encounter patients with advanced illness, many suffering from symptoms other than pain. Key principles that guide palliative care must be incorporated into a plan of care for each patient and family. Although medical management continues to be the mainstay of treatment, the generalist in palliative care needs to be familiar with the patient's preferences and goals of care. This article provides an overview of gastrointestinal symptoms including anorexia, cachexia, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Advanced progressive illnesses are defined here as incurable conditions that have significant morbidity in the later stages of illness.
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PMID:Assessment and management of gastrointestinal symptoms in advanced illness. 2162 36

A young man from Jamaica was admitted with cachexia, postprandial epigastric pain and vomiting. His abdominal examination revealed a soft abdomen with hyperactive bowel sounds, the laboratory investigations showed mild anaemia and hypoalbuminaemia, and abdominal x ray showed dilated and oedematous bowel loops. A duodenal biopsy revealed larvae and eggs in the epithelium consisted with Strongyloides infection. In retrospect the patient was found to be HTLV-1 positive. Helminthic infections can present with bowel obstruction even in the absence of eosinophilia or diarrhoea, and should be considered in patients with the appropriate epidemiological background.
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PMID:A young man with bowel obstruction and cachexia. 2168 78

Fabry disease is a rare X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase, which leads to accumulation of globotriasylceramides (GL-3) in visceral tissues and vascular endothelium, causing multi-organ failure. We presenta case of Fabry disease in a 17-year-old patient with mainly gastrointestinal manifestations, diagnosed 10 years after the manifestation of first symptoms. Significant and progressive weight loss with abdominal pain and vomiting, leading to cachexia, were observed in early childhood. The patient was investigated for non-inflammatory bowel diseases, Raynaud syndrome, polimyositis, mitochondrial cytopathies, intestinal lypodystrophies and others. The symptoms of intenstinal pseudo-obstruction syndrome were observed and surgical treatment was instituted because of necrosis of the colon. There was progressive cachexia and parenteral nutrition had to be instituted. Finally, plasma alpha-galactosidase was measured, and its deficit confirmed Fabry disease. In conclusion gastrointestinal symptoms in the course of Fabry disease can obscure other characteristic symptoms, may be prodromal and leading. Heart and renal failure may not occur in children. Unexplained abdominal pain and malnutrition may be gastrointestinal manifestations of metabolic disorders.
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PMID:[Diagnostic problems in a 17-year-old patient with gastrointestinal manifestations of Fabry disease]. 2178 14

This chapter describes physical pain including pain, anorexia-cachexia syndrome, nausea-vomiting, abdominal distention, ascites, constipation and dyspnea. In effect, patients are more likely to present with several concurrent symptoms. Each of these symptoms is described separately in this chapter.
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PMID:[Physical pain in advanced cancer]. 2195 32


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