Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Because enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is not identified by routine stool culture methods, ETEC outbreaks may go unrecognized, and opportunities for treatment and prevention may be missed. To improve recognition of adult ETEC outbreaks, we compared them with reported outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis. During 1975-95, we identified 14 ETEC outbreaks in the United States and 7 on cruise ships, caused by 17 different serotypes and affecting 5683 persons. Median symptom prevalences were: diarrhoea 99%, abdominal cramps 82%, nausea 49%, fever 22%, vomiting 14%. The median incubation period was 42 h, and for 8 of 10 outbreaks, the mean or median duration of illness was > 72 h (range 24-264). For 17 (81%) ETEC outbreaks, but for only 2 (8%) viral outbreaks, the prevalence of diarrhoea was > or = 2.5 times the prevalence of vomiting. ETEC outbreaks may be differentiated from viral gastroenteritis outbreaks by a diarrhoea-to-vomiting prevalence ratio of > or = 2.5 and a longer duration of illness.
 ...
PMID:Outbreaks of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in American adults: a clinical and epidemiologic profile. 1048 36

Opioid-related constipation is one of the most frequent side effects of chronic pain treatment. Enteral administration of naloxone blocks opioid action at the intestinal receptor level but has low systemic bioavailability due to marked hepatic first-pass metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of oral naloxone on opioid-associated constipation in an intraindividually controlled manner. Twenty-two chronic pain patients with oral opioid treatment and constipation were enrolled in this study. Constipation was defined as lack of laxation and/or necessity of laxative therapy in at least 3 out of 6 days. Laxation and laxative use were monitored for the first 6 days without intervention ('control period'). Then, oral naloxone was started and titrated individually between 3x3 to 3x12 mg/day depending on laxation and withdrawal symptoms. After the 4-day titration period, patients were observed for further 6 days ('naloxone period'). The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare number of days with laxation and laxative therapy in the two study periods. Of the 22 patients studied, five patients did not reach the 'naloxone period' due to death, operation, systemic opioid withdrawal symptoms, or therapy-resistant vomiting. In the 6 day 'naloxone' compared to the 'control period', the mean number of days with laxation increased from 2.1 to 3.5 (P<0.01) and the number of days with laxative medication decreased from 6 to 3.8 (P<0.01). The mean naloxone dose in the 'naloxone period' was 17.5 mg/day. The mean pain intensity did not differ between these two periods. Moderate side effects of short duration were observed in four patients following naloxone single dose administrations between 6 and 20 mg, resulting in yawning, sweating, and shivering. Most of the patients reported mild or moderate abdominal propulsions and/or abdominal cramps shortly after naloxone administration. All side effects terminated after 0.5-6 h. This controlled study demonstrates that orally administered naloxone improves symptoms of opioid associated constipation and reduces laxative use. To prevent systemic withdrawal signs, therapy should be started with low doses and patients carefully monitored during titration.
 ...
PMID:Oral naloxone reverses opioid-associated constipation. 1060 78

Polyethylene glycol (Klean-Prep, Norgine) is widely used for bowel cleansing in the United Kingdom. This study compares the efficacy, acceptability and adverse effects of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution with sodium phosphate (Fleet Phospho-soda, De Witt) for bowel preparation prior to colonoscopy. Two hundred and nine consecutive patients were prospectively randomised to either PEG or sodium phosphate (SP) preparation. The endoscopist was blinded to the randomisation process. Fifty patients were excluded from the study because of previous colectomies or incomplete data. Of the remaining 159 patients, 88 had been randomised to the PEG group and 71 to the SP group. There was no difference in sex distribution between the groups. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of patient acceptability, side effects (nausea/vomiting and abdominal cramps), adequacy of bowel preparation and colonoscopy completion rates. 74% of the PEG and 70.4% of the SP group were rated by the endoscopist as having good or excellent bowel preparation. Sodium phosphate is well tolerated without additional side effects when compared with PEG solution. Both solutions were found to be equally effective in bowel cleansing.
 ...
PMID:A prospective randomised study comparing polyethylene glycol and sodium phosphate bowel cleansing solutions for colonoscopy. 1066 31

In June 1999, the Tarrant County Health Department reported to the Texas Department of Health (TDH) that a group of teenagers attending a cheerleading camp during June 9-11 became ill with nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal cramps, and diarrhea, some of which was bloody. Two teenagers were hospitalized with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and two others underwent appendectomies. Routine stool cultures from eight ill persons failed to yield a pathogen. Stools subsequently were sent to laboratories at the Texas Department of Health and CDC, where Escherichia coli O111:H8 was isolated from two specimens. This report summarizes the investigation of this outbreak.
 ...
PMID:Escherichia coli O111:H8 outbreak among teenage campers--Texas, 1999. 1085 9

A Phase I study was performed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), toxicities, and pharmacokinetic profile of irinotecan (CPT-11) and its active metabolites when given on a once-every-3-week schedule. Thirty-four patients with advanced refractory solid malignancies were treated with CPT-11 (240-340 mg/m2) administered as a 90-min i.v. infusion every 3 weeks. Patients were divided into two groups: those with and those without prior abdominal/pelvic (AP) radiotherapy. Gastrointestinal toxicity (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea) and hematological toxicity (leukopenia and neutropenia) were dose-limiting side effects. Other common toxicities included anorexia, asthenia, and acute cholinergic symptoms (abdominal cramps, diaphoresis, and lacrimation). For patients with no prior AP radiation therapy, the MTD was determined to be 320 mg/m2, whereas those with prior AP radiation therapy had a MTD of 290 mg/m2. Dose-proportional increases in the mean area under the concentration-time curves for CPT-11, SN-38, and SN-38G were not observed over the narrow dose range studied. Mean values of terminal phase half-life, clearance, terminal phase volume of distribution, and steady-state volume of distribution for CPT-11 were 12.4 +/- 1.8 h, 13.0 +/- 3.8 liters/h/m2, 234 +/- 83 liters/m2, and 123 +/- 38 liters/m2, respectively. The pharmacodynamic analyses indicated the strongest correlation to be between SN-38 area under the concentration-time curves and neutropenia (p = 0.60; P = 0.001). A total of five responses (one complete response and four partial responses) were observed in the cohort of 32 patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal carcinoma. In conclusion, gastrointestinal toxicity and hematological toxicity were the dose-limiting toxicities of CPT-11 when administered as a 90-min infusion every 3 weeks. In this trial, the recommended Phase II starting dose for patients with no prior AP radiation therapy was found to be 320 mg/m2; for patients with prior AP radiation, the recommended Phase II starting dose was 290 mg/m2. This once-every-3-week schedule has been incorporated into a Phase I trial of CPT-11 combined with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin.
 ...
PMID:Phase I dose-finding and pharmacokinetic trial of irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) using a once-every-three-week dosing schedule for patients with advanced solid tumor malignancy. 1087 73

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that immunocompromised people avoid exposure to cryptosporidium in outbreak settings by drinking water that is boiled, filtered, or bottled. A parasite, cryptosporidium is spread when persons ingest infected feces of humans or animals, or eat raw or undercooked vegetables contaminated with an egg-like form of the parasite. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, headache, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting and low-grade fever; in immunocompromised patients infection often leads to weight loss, dehydration, and may become life-threatening. Drugs can treat the symptoms, although cryptosporidiosis is not curable and often recurs in severely immunocompromised patients. To prevent becoming infected; HIV-positive people should not drink water from lakes, rivers, and swimming pools; avoid unpasteurized milk or milk products; wash hands after contact with pets or with soil; and follow safe-sex guidelines. The CDC also recommends that in settings with an outbreak of cryptosporidium, individuals boil water for one minute to kill the parasite or use a filter for tap water that is capable of removing particles less than one micron in diameter. A third option is to use bottled water for drinking, although it is difficult to know which is safe since no organization regulates it.
 ...
PMID:CDC provides guidelines on suspect water supplies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1136 76

The National Association of People with AIDS (NAPWA) released a May 2, 1996, report stating that the tap water in the nation's major cities places people with weakened immune systems at risk for contracting cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium is a potentially life-threatening microscopic parasite. In people with compromised immune systems, the symptoms of diarrhea, headache, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever can persist for months and lead to death. Twenty-two of the thirty-one cities surveyed had no testing or notification policies in place to reduce an outbreak of cryptosporidium. NAPWA recommends that people with HIV disease in extremely high-risk cities (Atlanta; Dallas; Minneapolis; Newark, NJ; St. Petersburg, FL; and Washington, DC) refrain from drinking tap water. Another 22 cities were found to be at high risk for an outbreak.
 ...
PMID:NAPWA questions safety of drinking water in major cities. National Association of People with AIDS. 1136 72

A retrospective analysis of nine consecutive cases of ileosigmoid knotting (ISK) that were seen at Gondar hospital from 1993 to 1995 is presented. Ileosigmoid knotting is a condition in which the ileum and the sigmoid entangle each other to form a knot and become gangrenous. It was found that the clinical features of ISK were the results of combination of symptoms and signs of small and large bowel obstruction. The presentations were so dramatic that the majority of patients deteriorated rapidly with 44% (4/9) developing shock because of gangrene of both the ileum and the sigmoid. Abdominal cramps, vomiting and absolute constipation occurred in all patients. Five patients were in shock at the time of presentation and six had peritonitis at the time of surgery. Release of the knot could easily be attained by needle deflation of the sigmoid colon. Hartman's procedure with resection of the sigmoid and ileotransversostomy by closing the distal viable stump of the ileum is recommended. Four patients out of the nine patients died.
 ...
PMID:Ileosigmoid knotting in Gondar teaching hospital north-west Ethiopia. 1195 1

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) and Feeding Jejunostomy (FJ) with a Foley catheter are well-established techniques for providing long-term nutritional support. Mechanical complications of these procedures are well recognised. We report two unusual complications of feeding tubes related to the balloon. Patient 1: A 23 years old female cerebral palsy patient had a PEG tube changed to a ballooned gastrostomy tube. Following this she developed abdominal cramps, vomiting and later on haematemesis. Contrast study showed migration of the balloon causing pyloric obstruction and a small prepyloric ulcer. Partially deflating the balloon and pulling it back to the original position corrected this. Patient 2: A 39 years old male cerebral palsy patient with a Foley catheter feeding jejunostomy developed obstructive symptoms within 48 hours of surgery. The balloon was deflated repeatedly without resolution. The catheter was impossible to withdraw and irrigate. Contrast instilled via the balloon channel demonstrated that the catheter was significantly stretched and the balloon was in terminal ileum. The balloon was fully deflated and easily withdrawn to be replaced with uninflated Foley catheter. Enteral feeding was easily reestablished. If a patient with a ballooned feeding tube develops intestinal symptoms balloon complications should be suspected. Contrast study through the feeding channel or balloon inflation channel is useful in diagnosing tube related complication. The threshold for imaging should be low, particularly in patients who are difficult to assess clinically.
 ...
PMID:Unusual complications of ballooned feeding tubes. 1217 Dec 67

Physical exercise is probably both beneficial and harmful for the gastrointestinal tract, depending partly on the training intensity. On the one hand, gastrointestinal symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, side ache and diarrhoea are common during heavy exercise. On the other hand, physical activity seems to protect from colon cancer, cholelithiasis and diverticular disease. Constipation has been shown to be related to inactivity. Despite this, no overwhelming evidence exists for a positive effect of physical exercise as a treatment option for chronic constipation. The reasons behind these somewhat discrepant effects are not understood fully. Altered gastrointestinal blood flow, effects on gastrointestinal motor function, neuroendocrine changes and mechanical effects are probably involved. Conflicting results exist regarding the effects of physical activity on gastrointestinal motility. Modern technologies now make motility studies in various parts of the gastrointestinal tract possible. More studies are needed to understand better the effects of physical exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. In particular, the relationship between the training intensity and duration and positive and negative alterations in gastrointestinal physiology needs to be addressed further.
 ...
PMID:Physical activity and the gastrointestinal tract. 1236 4


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>