Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Current recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis include oral amoxycillin, and erythromycin or clindamycin for the penicillin-allergic patient. The authors report the serum concentrations and side effects which may be expected after the recommended oral doses of these compounds. Single doses of 3 g amoxycillin and 600 mg clindamycin, and two doses of erythromycin (1.5 g and 0.5 g 6 h apart) were administered in a random sequence to each of 12 volunteers. After administration, peak serum concentrations of amoxycillin and clindamycin were 27 mg/l and 5.5 mg/l respectively. Amoxycillin was eliminated more rapidly than clindamycin. Serum concentrations of erythromycin were below the sensitivity limit of the assay (0.03 mg/l) in 3 volunteers at 1 h and in 2 at 2 h. The mean peak serum concentrations was 3.1 mg/l. Peak levels were associated with gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, abdominal cramps and vomiting. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to use of these antibiotics for the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis.
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PMID:[Prevention of endocarditis using amoxycillin, clindamycin or erythromycin. Pharmacokinetic observations]. 648 53

A newly synthesized 16, 16-dimethyl trans delta 2 PGE1 methyl ester (ONO 802) was clinically applied in the form of a vaginal suppository for therapeutic abortion of second trimester pregnancies. Its effects were studied in a double-blind test comparing it with an inactive placebo suppository. The study was conducted at 12 Japanese university hospitals. The number of patients was 125 in total, i.e. 63 receiving ONO 802 vaginal suppository (containing 1.0 mg ONO 802) and 62 receiving inactive placebo suppository. ONO 802 was more effective than placebo with a success rate of 87% (complete (71%) and incomplete (16%) abortions). The onset of uterine contractions was observed in 154.3+/-18.1 min. and the onset of uterine bleeding in 323.6+/-41.0 min. The expulsion of the fetus and placenta was observed in 955.4+/-97.0 and 961.6+/-97.0 min., respectively. The cervix dilating effect of ONO 802 was observed in 63.5% of the patients at 3 hours after the start of administration. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea and pyrexia were noticed. However, all these side effects were transient and mild, requiring no treatment. No abnormality was observed in the puerperal course, duration of uterine bleeding or onset of subsequent menstruation following the therapeutic abortion. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that ONO 802 vaginal suppository was an effective and valuable drug for therapeutic abortion of second trimester pregnancies.
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PMID:Abortifacient effect and uterine cervix-dilating action of 16, 16-dimethyl trans delta 2 PGE1 methyl ester (ONO 802) in the form of a vaginal suppository (a randomized, double-blind, controlled study in the second trimester of pregnancy). 675 61

Symptoms of acute food poisoning developed in eight members of a group who ate lunch at a cafeteria. After brief incubation periods, all affected individuals complained of nausea and abdominal cramps. Four persons promptly experienced vomiting. None of those affected was found to have fever and all recovered with 48 hours. Epidemiologic investigation incriminated macaroni and cheese as a cause of the illness and samples of this food contained large numbers of Bacillus cereus. Previous outbreaks of B cereus emetic food poisoning have been associated with consumption of contaminated fried rice and may occur after ingestion of other foods.
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PMID:Emetic food poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus. 678 33

Thirty-three patients were randomized prior to pelvic radiotherapy to receive the bile acid-sequestering resin colestipol hydrochloride, 5 grams qid, during the entire time of their therapy or diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate 2.5-20 mg per day (control) if they experienced diarrhea. The colestipol patients also took diphenoxylate if they had diarrhea. The patients in the colestipol group often experienced nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps and 8 were forced to discontinue the drug. There was no difference in the weekly stool frequency between the colestipol and the control patients but the colestipol patients who took at least 50% of the prescribed dose required fewer diphenoxylate tablets than the controls. The data suggest that colestipol hydrochloride is not of value in preventing radiation-induced diarrhea because of the side effects associated with the drug, but the theory on which the use of bile acid-sequestering agents is based may be correct.
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PMID:Colestipol hydrochloride prophylaxis of diarrhea during pelvic radiotherapy. 683 21

1 A 21-year-old student ingested thirty ricin seeds in a suicidal attempt, some of which were masticated. Three hours later he developed severe diarrhoea with vomiting and abdominal cramps, followed by extracellular dehydration and circulatory collapse. 2 Biological changes included haemoconcentration. He recovered following symptomatic treatment by infusion of saline and glucose solutions. 3 Ricin was quantified by a radioimmunologic method using Iodine 125, and showed that only a small part of the ricin contained in the seeds was absorbed.
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PMID:Acute voluntary intoxication by ricin. 686 67

Texas Star-SR, a laboratory-derived mutant of Vibrio cholerae El Tor Ogawa 3083, which produces B but not A subunit of cholera toxin was given to 68 healthy adult volunteers in doses of 10(5) to 5 X 10(10) organisms. 16 of 68 exhibited loose stools but in only one individual was stool volume notable. Vomiting occurred in 1 and abdominal cramps in 3 vaccines; malaise and fever were not seen. Texas star was recovered from stools of 22% who received low doses (10(5) or 10(6) organisms) and from 63% who received high doses (10(8), 10(10), 2 X 10(10) or 5 X 10(10)). The attenuated strain was also recovered from jejunal fluid of 76% in the high dose group; cultures revealed 10(2)-10(5) organisms/ml. Seroconversions of vibriocidal antibody occurred in 93% and peak organisms/ml. Seroconversions of vibriocidal antibody occurred in 93% and peak titers were resembling those seen following clinical cholera. In contrast, serum IgG ELISA antitoxin rose significantly in only 29% and levels were below those encountered after clinical cholera. Only 5 of 18 vaccinees tested so far had significant rises in intestinal SIgA antitoxin; these also manifested rises in serum antitoxin. The occurrence of loose stools did not correlate with dose ingested, excretion of vibrios or rise in serum antitoxin. 503 clones recovered from coprocultures and jejunal fluids were negative when tested for enterotoxin. One month following a single 5 X 10(10) organism dose of Texas Star, 7 vaccinees and 6 controls were challenged with 10(6) pathogenic El Tor Ogawa vibrios. Diarrhea occurred in 7 of 10 controls but in only 1 of 7 vaccinees (p = 0.05). Despite clinical protection, excretion of pathogenic V. cholerae was similar in vaccinated and control groups. Twelve vaccinees who received two 10(9) or two 2 X 10(10) organisms doses of Texas Star 1 week apart were challenged with 10(6) pathogenic V. cholerae El Tor of the heterologous serotype. Diarrhea occurred in 11 of 15 controls but in only 3 of 12 vaccinees (p. 0.01). The 3 vaccinees with diarrhea all had mild illness. Texas Star-SR is a prototype that commonly causes mild diarrheal responses but is genetically stable in vivo and stimulates protective immunity against challenge with either the homologous or heterologous serotype.
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PMID:Texas Star-SR: attenuated "Vibrio cholerae" oral vaccine candidate. 687 77

Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of disease associated with a newly described nonhalophilic Vibrio species, Vibrio mimicus, were identified by studying isolates from 21 patients referred to the Centers for Disease Control between 1977 and 1981. Two isolates were from the ears of patients with otitis who had recently been exposed to seawater. Nineteen isolates were from stool samples; these patients generally had diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps, with fever, headache, and bloody diarrhea occurring in fewer than half. Persons with diarrhea were more likely than age- and sex-matched controls to have eaten raw oysters (p = 0.013). Although most cases were sporadic, three were associated with a single outbreak. Only two isolates produced toxin found by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or the Y-1 adrenal cell assay for heat-labile toxin, and none produced heat-stable toxin found by the infant mouse assay. Vibrio mimicus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis occurring after recent ingestion of seafood (especially raw oysters) and in acute otitis after exposure to seawater.
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PMID:Disease from infection with Vibrio mimicus, a newly recognized Vibrio species. 688 69

Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of disease associated with a newly described nonhalophilic Vibrio species, Vibrio mimicus, were identified by studying isolates from 21 patients referred to the Centers for Disease Control between 1977 and 1981. Two isolates were from the ears of patients with otitis who had recently been exposed to seawater. Nineteen isolates were from stool samples; these patients generally had diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps, with fever, headache, and bloody diarrhea occurring in fewer than half. Persons with diarrhea were more likely than age- and sex-matched controls to have eaten raw oysters (p = 0.013). Although most cases were sporadic, three were associated with a single outbreak. Only two isolates produced toxin found by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or the Y-1 adrenal cell assay for heat-labile toxin, and none produced heat-stable toxin found by the infant mouse assay. Vibrio mimicus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis occurring after recent ingestion of seafood (especially raw oysters) and in acute otitis after exposure to seawater.
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PMID:Disease from infection with Vibrio mimicus, a newly recognized Vibrio species. Clinical characteristics and edipemiology. 688 70

A double-blind study was designed to test the hypothesis that local side-effects during i. v. administration of erythromycin lactobionate depend on the drug concentration and that they can therefore be minimized by dissolving erythromycin in a larger infusion volume. Forty healthy students were assigned in a randomized sequence to four 30 min infusions: 120 and 250 ml of erythromycin lactobionate (1 g in 0.9% NaCl) and 120 and 250 ml of placebo (0.9% NaCl). An unexpectedly high incidence (95% and 80% for the infusion volumes of 120 and 250 ml, respectively) of severe systemic side-effects was observed during the first 79 infusions. Because all of these systemic side-effects were associated with the infusion of erythromycin, the study was terminated at this point. Side-effects included abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and profuse sweating. The postulated positive effect of lower erythromycin concentrations in the infusion on local side-effects (pain at the infusion site, erythema) was marginal (63% vs. 45%). Compared to the systemic side-effects, the problem of local tolerance is less important. In young adults, 30 min infusions of 1 g erythromycin lactobionate are associated with a high incidence of systemic side-effects which may be due to an age-dependent effect of the drug on smooth muscle.
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PMID:Side-effects due to the intravenous infusion of erythromycin lactobionate. 688 76

Clotrimazole, a tritylimidazole and a new antimicrobial agent, produced itching and irritation of the vulva and vaginal area in less than 1% of the population (N = 131) studied. No abdominal cramps, headache or lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were observed when 200 mg of clotrimazole was inserted deep in the vagina for several days.
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PMID:Clinical toxicology of clotrimazole when administered vaginally. 700 34


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