Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of Cafergot P-B with that of its components, Cafergot, pentobarbital, and Bellafoline, and with placebo for the treatment of migraine. Patients with vascular headaches of the migraine type who regularly experienced nervous tension and some form of gastrointestinal distress with their headaches were randomized to one of five treatment groups. They were given treatment packets containing their assigned drug for use during two separate migraine attacks. Patients made pretreatment evaluations of the following symptoms: head pain, nervous tension, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal cramps, and photophobia. They made posttreatment evaluations of these symptoms 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 hours after ingesting their assigned drug. Improvement scores were calculated from the differences between the pretreatment and the posttreatment ratings. Patients also made a final global assessment of their drug's efficacy. All patients who took at least one dose of the study medication and completed a baseline evaluation and at least one postdose evaluation of severity of pain were included in the analysis (n = 254). The comparisons of particular interest were those between Cafergot P-B and Cafergot and between Cafergot P-B and placebo. Cafergot P-B was significantly more effective than Cafergot in relieving head pain at hours 2 and 3, nervous tension, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and photophobia. Cafergot P-B was significantly more effective than placebo in relieving head pain, nervous tension, nausea (second headache only), vomiting, and photphobia. The incidence of reported adverse effects was no greater with Cafergot P-B than with Cafergot; however, patients given Cafergot P-B reported less vomiting than did patients given Cafergot. The results of this study show that addition of pentobarbital and Bellafoline to Cafergot provides greater relief of pain, vomiting, nervous tension, photophobia, and other symptoms associated with migraine, while reducing the severity of the nausea that may accompany a migraine headache or Cafergot therapy.
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PMID:Symptomatic relief of migraine: multicenter comparison of Cafergot P-B, Cafergot, and placebo. 249 84

Eight pediatric patients with presenting symptoms of chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and/or recurrent emesis were diagnosed as having giardiasis by duodenal brush cytology. All patients had at least three stool specimens examined for ova and parasites, which failed to reveal Giardia lamblia cysts or trophozoites. In each patient, the small intestinal mucosal biopsies as well failed to reveal giardia. No complications were encountered during any of the procedures. Duodenal brush cytology for giardiasis appears to be a valuable diagnostic adjunct potentially superior to stool examination as well as endoscopic grasp small bowel biopsy.
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PMID:Diagnosis of giardiasis in infants and children by endoscopic brush cytology. 277 64

In a prospective randomized clinical trial, three colon cleansing methods for colonoscopy were compared with regard to a) side effects, b) patient acceptance, c) residual liquid and stool during colonoscopy, and d) quality of the examination. The patients were randomly assigned to one of the following three groups for colon preparation: Group 1 (n = 100) 4 liters of Golytely, group 2 (n = 102) 2 liters of Golytely combined with Cascara-Salax, and group 3 (n = 98) X-Prep (a Senna preparation) combined with an enema. X-Prep (group 3) caused significantly more abdominal cramps than 4 liters of Golytely (group 1) or 2 liters of Golytely with Cascara-Salax (group 2) (p less than 0.001). Vomiting was most frequent in group 1 (p less than 0.05 vs. group 3). The patients therefore preferred X-Prep to 4 liters of Golytely (p less than 0.01). The cleanest colon was obtained with 4 liters of Golytely, while 2 liters of Golytely with Cascara-Salax was least efficacious. The quality of the examination was equal in groups 1 and 3, and clearly better than in group 2 (p less than 0.01). We thus conclude that while 4 liters of Golytely and X-Prep plus enema have equivalent cleansing efficacy for colonoscopy, patients judged X-Prep to be less unpleasant.
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PMID:Comparison of three colon cleansing methods: evaluation of a randomized clinical trial with 300 ambulatory patients. 269 78

An explosive outbreak of gastrointestinal illness occurred among students and employees at a small college in Florida in November 1980. Common symptoms were diarrhea, nausea, weakness, abdominal cramps, chills, vomiting, and low-grade fever. Cases of illness were identified in 40% of 628 students and 15% of 162 employees who responded to a survey. Among students, there was a sevenfold excess risk associated with eating one or more meals at the campus cafeteria November 3-5 (p much less than 0.001). Tossed salad from one meal was strongly associated with illness (p less than 0.0001). Fecal contamination of the salad was documented, although the source of contamination was not identified. Person-to-person spread could not be demonstrated. Seroconversion to Norwalk antigen occurred in significantly more cases (5/6) than noncases (1/6) (p = 0.04).
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PMID:Norwalk virus gastroenteritis. An outbreak associated with a cafeteria at a college. 299 Jan 97

Consumption of raw shellfish has long been known to be associated with individual cases and sporadic outbreaks of enteric illness. However, during 1982, outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with eating raw shellfish reached epidemic proportions in New York State. Between May 1 and December 31, there were 103 well-documented outbreaks in which 1017 persons became ill: 813 cases were related to eating clams, and 204 to eating oysters. The most common symptoms were diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting. Incubation periods were generally 24 to 48 hours long, and the duration of illness was 24 to 48 hours. Bacteriologic analyses of stool and shellfish specimens did not reveal a causative agent. Norwalk virus was implicated as the predominant etiologic agent by clinical features of the illness and by seroconversion and the formation of IgM antibody to Norwalk virus in paired serum samples from persons in five (71 percent) of seven outbreaks in which testing was done. In addition, Norwalk virus was identified by radioimmunoassay in clam and oyster specimens from two of the outbreaks. Determining the source of the shellfish was not always possible, but northeastern coastal waters were implicated. The magnitude, persistence, and widespread nature of these outbreaks raise further questions about the safety of consuming raw shellfish.
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PMID:Widespread outbreaks of clam- and oyster-associated gastroenteritis. Role of Norwalk virus. 300 57

Although Bacillus cereus is a well-known cause of food-borne illness, hospital-related outbreaks of food-borne disease due to B. cereus have rarely been documented. We report a hospital employee cafeteria outbreak due to foods contaminated with B. cereus in which an outside caterer was employed to prepare the suspect meals. Data were collected from 249 of 291 employees who had eaten either of the two meals. With a mean incubation period of 12.5 hours, 64% (160 of 249) of employees manifested illness. Symptoms, which averaged 24.3 hours in duration, included diarrhea (96.3%), abdominal cramps (90%), nausea (50.6%), weakness (24.7%), and vomiting (13.8%). Eighty-seven employees sought medical attention, 84 of whom were seen in an emergency room. Although a significant difference was not demonstrated in food-specific attack rates, B. cereus was cultured from both rice and chicken items that were served at both meals. Sixty-three employees submitted stools for culture that grew no enteric pathogens, but none were examined for B. cereus. This food-borne outbreak demonstrates: the need for hospital kitchen supervisors to ensure proper handling of food when outside caterers are employed; that significant differences in food-specific attack rates may not be demonstrated in outbreaks, which may be related to several factors; and the importance of notifying microbiology laboratory personnel when B. cereus is a suspect enteric pathogen, since many laboratories do not routinely attempt to identify this organism in stool specimens.
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PMID:A hospital cafeteria-related food-borne outbreak due to Bacillus cereus: unique features. 309 97

Hexamethylmelamine is an s-triazine that began clinical trials during the 1960s based on its level of antitumor activity in murine tumor models. Phase I studies were performed using an oral formulation given in divided doses for varying numbers of days. The most frequently reported toxicities included nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, anorexia, weight loss and malaise. Less frequently reported toxicities were anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and peripheral neuropathy. Clinical antitumor activity was noted in the phase I studies in a variety of tumor types. Since then a large number of studies have been performed using hexamethylmelamine as a single agent and in a variety of combinations. Unfortunately, almost none of these studies sought to define the utility of this drug relative to other treatments for the diseases in which it showed activity, or to define the contribution of this drug to the activity of any given combination. Thus its role in the treatment of patients with malignancies remains undefined.
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PMID:Hexamethylmelamine: a critical review of an active drug. 310 57

The authors treated 17 food allergic, 2-14 year old children with chemoprophylactic drugs. The patients got either ketotifen or DSCG in random allocated for 4 weeks and thereafter a washout period of 2 weeks separated the trial period of the other drug. Oral challenge with the food was performed before the trial period and after a 4 week lasting elimination diet on the last day of each treatment. After the ketotifen therapy in 10 of the 17 patients no symptoms appeared after the challenge, whereas only 5 patients were completely protected by DSCG. However, with regards to isolated organ symptoms the two drugs were of equal value. In case of failure of one drug the other was effective with two exceptions. Symptoms of intolerance (vomiting, angioedema or abdominal cramps) occurred in 3 patients during DSCG treatment and in one of those getting ketotifen. In 3 cases of severe milk allergy (Heiner-Holland syndrome) symptom-free state could be attained only if diet was supplemented by ketotifen. Symptoms of food allergy can be well prevented in children through ketotifen therapy more than by DSCG.
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PMID:Comparison of ketotifen and DSCG in treatment of food allergy in children. 310 6

A 1983 investigation of two clambake-related gastroenteritis outbreaks in Rochester, New York, showed that 84 (43%) of 196 persons interviewed had an acute illness characterized by watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. None of the ill persons were hospitalized or had complications. Illness was associated with eating raw (p = 0.002) or baked (p less than 0.01) hard-shell clams, with the risk of illness increasing with the total number of clams consumed (p less than 0.01). The median incubation period and duration of illness were 36 and 44 hours, respectively. Stool samples obtained 2-4 days after onset of illness were negative for commonly recognized bacterial and viral pathogens. However, of 31 persons whose stools were tested, the stool of only one ill person was positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the Snow Mountain agent, one of the Norwalk-like viruses. Paired serum specimens from six (67%) of nine ill and two (29%) of seven well persons showed a fourfold or greater rise in antibody titer to Snow Mountain agent. Persons who ate clams were more likely to seroconvert to Snow Mountain agent (eight of 12) than were those who did not eat clams (zero of four) (p = 0.04). The clams were harvested off the coast of southern Massachusetts in late October, when harvest waters were documented to be contaminated by untreated municipal sewage. This report describes the first documented outbreak of shellfish-associated gastroenteritis attributed to Snow Mountain agent of which we are aware.
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PMID:Snow Mountain agent gastroenteritis from clams. 311 35

Of 61 cases of ibuprofen overdosage reported consecutively to the Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center from September 1985 through April 1986, 16 were excluded because of incomplete follow-up or concurrent medication ingestion. A toxic reaction developed in 7 (16%) of the remaining 45 patients. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, mild central nervous system depression, coma, tachycardia, apnea, metabolic acidosis with or without respiratory alkalosis, hematemesis, and oliguric renal failure were noted. Two of six adults had a toxic reaction, and one died. Among pediatric patients, 5/39 (13%) had a toxic reaction. Of patients whose ibuprofen ingestion was less than 104 mg per kg, none became ill. All patients in whom the time of ingestion was known (six of seven) and who had a toxic reaction did so within four hours of ingestion. An ibuprofen overdose, although usually benign, can occasionally produce serious toxicity.
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PMID:Ibuprofen overdose--a prospective study. 317 71


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