Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Five patients who had injected intravenous (i.v.) phenmetrazine or methamphetamine developed marked prostration resembling septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria, and azotemia. Soon after injection, four noted chills, fever, sweats, nausea, and abdominal cramps. Within hours, they developed vomiting, myalgias, paresthesias, headache, and orthostasis. Cardiorespiratory arrest, accelerated bleeding, and noncardiac pulmonary edema were observed in one patient. From 4 to 11 litres of saline were required in the first 24 h to maintain blood pressure and urine output, suggesting that shock resulted from massive loss of intravascular volume into necrotic muscle. Recognition of this syndrome and treatment by aggressive volume replacement led to the recovery of all five patients.
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PMID:Rhabdomyolysis and shock after intravenous amphetamine administration. 84 98

These agents act as anticholinesterases. Signs of toxicity are: overactivity of the parasympathetic nervous system, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, abdominal cramps and copious secretions. Large doses may cause sustained depolarization of the motor end plate, leading to muscular paralysis. Death may ensue from respiratory failure. The extensive and often careless use of insecticides, fungicides and pesticides makes organophosphates a particular pediatric hazard. Atropine and pralidoxime chloride are effective for therapy.
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PMID:Organophosphates--a pediatric hazard. 113 Feb 47

Lymphatics have been suggested to play a major role in the absorption of dialysate, which consequently affects the adequacy of peritoneal dialysis. Neostigmine has been found to decrease lymphatic absorption in rats, presumably by causing constriction of the lymphatic stomata. We investigated the effect of neostigmine on seven continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients in a prospective study. We performed modified peritoneal equilibration tests both with and without intraperitoneal neostigmine in a random order. Radiolabeled albumin (0.8 mg) was added to 2 liters of dialysate +/- 2.0 mg neostigmine. We evaluated ultrafiltration and creatinine, phosphate, and urea clearances. The dialysate bag and the peritoneum were scanned at the initiation and conclusion of the four-hour dwell period. We found no change in ultrafiltration, residual volumes, creatinine, phosphate and urea clearances, or albumin recovered. Of the seven patients exposed to neostigmine, four had diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. In conclusion, we found that 2 mg i.p. neostigmine did cause significant side-effects and did not alter transport characteristics in CAPD patients.
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PMID:Effect of intraperitoneal neostigmine on peritoneal transport characteristics in CAPD. 147 71

The role of shigella infection in childhood gastroenteritis was studied over a 2-year period. Shigella species were found in the faecal specimens of 70 (1%) of 7369 children with gastroenteritis, but in only 1 (0.1%) of 1130 controls. S. flexneri was the commonest isolate (51%), followed by S. sonnei (37%). Most shigella species were isolated during the winter. The prevalence of shigellosis was highest for children 1-5 years of age but equal for both sexes. Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and bloody diarrhoea were the predominant clinical features. Of the shigella isolates, 73% were resistant to cotrimoxazole, 43% to ampicillin, and 41% to chloramphenicol. One-third of isolates were resistant to greater than or equal to 3 antibiotics. All isolates were susceptible to nalidixic acid. The illness was mild and self-limiting and most patients recovered without antimicrobial therapy.
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PMID:The relative importance of Shigella in the aetiology of childhood gastroenteritis in Saudi Arabia. 150 39

MK-329 is a nonpeptidal, highly specific cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonist, with affinity for pancreatic and gallbladder CCK receptors similar to CCK itself. MK-329 and its progenitor, asperlicin, can inhibit the growth of CCK receptor-positive human pancreatic cancer in athymic mice. Based on these activities and the ability of MK-329 to transiently increase food intake and enhance morphine analgesia in murine models, we conducted an open trial of MK-329 in 18 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer in whom the CCK receptor status of the tumors was unknown. Tumor response, pain control, and nutritional parameters (hunger rating, caloric intake, body weight, and anthropometrics) were serially assessed. The results of the study failed to demonstrate any impact of MK-329 on tumor progression, pain, or nutrition. Toxicity was mild and limited to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps, with 17 of 18 patients able to tolerate treatment. While a role for MK-329 in the management of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer cannot be supported by the results of this trial, additional studies of this agent in patients with known CCK receptor-positive tumors, at escalated doses, and possibly in conjunction with other growth antagonists, appear warranted.
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PMID:A pilot clinical trial of the cholecystokinin receptor antagonist MK-329 in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. 155 66

A 50-year-old woman with a typical history of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction was admitted to hospital because of an acute episode of abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. The diagnosis of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction had been established in this patient who had malnutrition and extreme weight loss as a result of severe malabsorption syndrome. The abdominal roentgenogram showed a typical hypotonic intestine with an enlarged stomach and distended intestinal loops with the radiological signs of an ileus. In addition to former episodes, there was also a transient aerobilia. The patient had not undergone biliary surgery or endoscopic sphincterotomy. To investigate the cause of the findings, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic manometry of the sphincter of Oddi were performed. The endoscopy showed the stomach and duodenum with a wide and dilated lumen and no spontaneous motility. Endoscopic manometry of the biliary tract and the sphincter of Oddi showed several abnormalities compared with a group of normal volunteers or patients who were examined via biliary manometry for other reasons. There was a low basal pressure (3.5 mm Hg) in the sphincter of Oddi together with low-amplitude phasic contractions (25-30 mm Hg), but the contraction frequency was in the normal range. Further investigations of the motility of the gastrointestinal tract in this patient showed diffuse esophageal spasms and a markedly delayed gastric emptying. The findings of biliary manometry in this patient suggest involvement of the sphincter of Oddi and the biliary system in chronic idiopathic pseudo-obstruction.
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PMID:Aerobilia and hypomotility of the sphincter of Oddi in a patient with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. 129 27

For a minimum of one month (mean, 54 days), 287 infants and children less than 8 years of age were fed an isolated soy-protein formula. Prior to entry into the study, a cow's milk formula was being fed to 71%, a soy formula to 9%, and cow's milk or other formulas to 20%. Intolerance to cow's milk was reported in 35% of the patients, symptoms indicative of cow's milk intolerance in 23%, diarrhea or gastroenteritis in 18%, a family history of allergy in 13%, and insufficient weight gain, intolerance to other formulas, or constipation in 11%. The patients showed normal increases in weight and length during the study. A significant decrease in the following symptoms were reported in the patients from before to after treatment: abdominal cramps, bloating or gas, colic, diarrhea, fussiness, rashes or eczema, spitting up, waking up crying at night, wheezing, and vomiting. It is concluded that, while receiving soy formula, infants and children continued to thrive normally and that the formula was well tolerated. After receiving soy formula, the frequency of undesirable feeding-related symptoms was reduced in the majority of infants and children.
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PMID:Tolerance of a soy formula by infants and children. 161 46

The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of ticlopidine are reviewed. Ticlopidine appears to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate. Ticlopidine hydrochloride is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, and maximum antiplatelet effects occur one to three hours after the dose. In multicenter, randomized, double-blind trials, ticlopidine was more effective than aspirin or placebo in preventing stroke, myocardial infarction, or death caused by vascular events. Ticlopidine was more effective than aspirin in preventing recurrent transient ischemic attacks after six months of therapy. Ticlopidine has also been used to prevent occlusion and improve patency of aortocoronary bypass grafts, to prevent ischemic ulcers in patients with chronic arterial occlusive disease, and to slow the progression of diabetic microangiopathy. The most serious adverse effect, neutropenia, occurred in about 1% of patients. The most frequently reported adverse effects are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. Ticlopidine is indicated for reducing the risk of thrombotic stroke in patients who have experienced a minor stroke, transient ischemic attack, or completed thrombotic stroke. The recommended dosage is 500 mg/day in two divided doses taken with food. Ticlopidine is an alternative agent for the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Because of the risk of neutropenia and agranulocytosis and the high cost of therapy, ticlopidine should be reserved for patients who are intolerant of or lack benefit from aspirin.
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PMID:Ticlopidine: a new platelet aggregation inhibitor. 161 11

Between December 9, 1988 and January 28, 1989, there were four outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Saitama prefecture. Eighty-two of 123 persons (67%) attending four banquets in restaurants became ill: 44 cases attending three banquets were related to eating raw oysters, and 38 attending one banquet to eating sashimi. The most common symptoms were nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting. Average incubation periods were 29 to 32 hours long. Bacteriologic analysis of stool specimens did not reveal causative agents. Small round structured viruses were detected in fecal specimens from 19 of 39 ill persons (49%) by electron microscopy. In one of four outbreaks, the formation of antibody to small round structured virus in paired serum samples was detected by western blot test. Small round structured viruses were implicated as the etiologic agents in four outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis.
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PMID:[Food-borne outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by small round structured viruses. 1. Four outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with oyster consumption]. 166 51

Pyridostigmine is known as a pre-treatment drug against intoxication with organophosphorus nerve agents. During the Persian Gulf war, we encountered a cluster of nine cases of pyridostigmine self-poisoning, of which three presented with mixed drug poisoning. The clinical and laboratory features of pyridostigmine toxicity are presented. Doses ranged between 390 and 900 mg. Pyridostigmine ingestion resulted in mild to moderate cholinergic symptoms such as abdominal cramps, diarrhea, emesis, nausea, hypersalivation, urinary incontinence, fasciculations, muscle weakness and blurred vision. No central nervous system manifestations were evident. The symptoms developed within several minutes and lasted up to 24 h. All patients underwent gastric emptying followed by administration of activated charcoal. Atropine (1-8 mg) was required in only three patients. Measurement of serum cholinesterase inhibition was found to be a reliable and sensitive diagnostic tool in pyridostigmine poisoning. No clear correlation was found between the extent of cholinesterase inhibition and the incidence or severity of the cholinergic signs. The clinical recovery was faster than the spontaneous recovery of the enzyme. Pyridostigmine intoxication is self-limited and well tolerated by young healthy adults.
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PMID:Acute pyridostigmine overdose: a report of nine cases. 175 42


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