Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between May 1983-March 1984, the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh conducted a metabolic balance study involving 47 children with acute cholera between 1-5 years old. Researchers randomly assigned 22 children to the intravenous (IV) solution treatment group. The children received it continuously until the diarrhea stopped. The remaining 25 were treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS) and IV fluid as needed. Health staff attempted to maintain hydration in the ORS/IV group with ORS alone, but IV therapy was reinstated if a child vomited excessively or the child exhibited signs of severe dehydration. Within 6-8 hours after admission and initial rehydration, the children took a nonabsorbable charcoal marker before taking in any food. The appearance of the 1st marker in the stool was called 0 hour and all stools, urine and vomitus between the 0-72 hours were collected. At 72 hours, the children ingested a 2nd marker. The ORS/IV group consumed 40% of the fluid orally. Vomiting within this group was significantly higher than the IV group (p.001). Intake of protein on day 2 and intake of both fat and protein on day 3 were significantly higher in the IV group (p.05, p.01). Daily intake and absorption of energy or carbohydrates in both of the groups, however, were similar. No significant differences in the total consumption of nutrients after recovery existed. Nitrogen absorption was significantly higher in the IV group than the ORS/IV group (p.05). This study demonstrates that an adequate amount of food is consumed and utilized by patients with acute diarrhea while receiving ORS and therefore there is no justification for withholding food during the acute stage of diarrhea.
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PMID:Does oral rehydration therapy alter food consumption and absorption of nutrients in children with cholera? 377 23

During a period of 12 months beginning on 18 February 1985, 1246 specimens of faeces from 935 children aged 3 weeks to 12 years with acute diarrhoea of varying severity were examined for the presence of cryptosporidium oocysts. Twenty-six patients required admission to hospital; four of them needed intravenous rehydration. Predominant clinical features were diarrhoea, often watery, and vomiting. Diarrhoea varied in duration between 7-15 days. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in specimens from 41 patients, an incidence of 4.3%. In four patients an additional enteropathogen was identified (Campylobacter species in two and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in two - serotypes 0126: K71 (B16) and 018C: K77 (B12]. None of the patients had recently travelled abroad. Of the children 23 were from a farming or rural background. Eight of the farms had recently had significant outbreaks of diarrhoea among calves. There was a marked seasonal variation with 27 of the cases arising between 18 February and 18 June, an incidence during this period of 8%.
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PMID:Cryptosporidium among children with acute diarrhoea in the west of Ireland. 381 59

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is multifaceted disease representing systemic, skin or gastrointestinal reactions to cow's milk (CM) protein. This article shortly reviews the intestinal form of CMA (ICMA). According us the child is allergic to CM when the immunologic reaction to CM is associated with clinical symptoms. The incidence of CMA is 1.3-1.9% in general, but the ICMA only 0.6 pro mille among the children less than six months of age. The majority of infants shows symptoms within a month of starting CM feeding. The majority of children with CMA have gastrointestinal symptoms. Manx of these infants has additionally dermatological symptoms and some respiratory symptoms. The mode of onset is often acute diarrhoea and vomiting, as in acute gastroenteritis. Laboratory findings indicate iron deficiency anemia in 20-70%. Half to two thirds of infants with chronic diarrhoea have moderate to severe steatorrhoea. The morphologic lesion in the gastrointestinal tract in ICMA is widespread, often being present from stomach to rectum. Jejunal lesion is most severe in the proximal part of the intestine and nowadays most patients have only partial villous atrophy or slight changes of the villi. Both the epithelium and the lamina propria of the jejunum are infiltrated with inflammatory cells. The morphology of the small intestine speaks for a strong immune reaction which leads increased destruction of surface epithelial cells. We recommend elimination of CM proteins to the age of 1.5 to 2 years. Most patients tolerate CM by the age of 2 years without symptoms. Prolonged breast-feeding and avoidance of early contact with CM are important in reducing the severity and frequency of CMA.
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PMID:Intestinal cow's milk allergy. 404 93

How do you treat diarrhoea?, questionnaires were sent to 586 health workers in 81 countries and 58% replied. Treatments for acute diarrhoea were scored for popularity, including retrospective questions about therapy three years earlier. Oral rehydration was apparently widely used in 1976, and this had increased by 1979. Intravenous therapy was also important. Kaolin and sulphonamides are becoming less popular, but antibiotics are still widely prescribed. The most commonly used oral rehydration mixtures in 1979 were home made, simple salt-sugar solutions. A complete formula, as recommended by WHO, was used by a smaller number. 30% of the responders reported no difficulty with oral rehydration, but many did not favour the method. The main technical complaint in 28% of replies was that patients could not take enough fluid, and vomiting was reported in 22%. Local beliefs about the cause of diarrhoea related to some food or fluid ingested according to 45% of responders. Such diet-related beliefs may adversely affect the use of oral therapy.
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PMID:A worldwide survey on the treatment of diarrhoeal disease by oral rehydration in 1979. 618 70

This study was conducted from January 1977 to June 1978 in Fortaleza, Brazil, to evaluate the oral rehydration treatment recommended by the World Health Organization for children admitted with acute diarrhea; admission peaked in January-March of both years and children treated came from the lowest socioeconomic strata of the popultion. Initial treatment consisted of intravenous administration of normal saline or 5% glucose with saline solution; intravenous therapy was continued until objective signs of improvement were evident. Of the 53 children observed 24 continued with intravenous therapy, and 29 were administered oral rehydration therapy with a glucose-electrolyte solution containing 90 milliequivalent per liter of sodium ion. Mean age in the intravenous and in the oral groups were 10 and 8 months, respectively. The major symptoms were feverishness and vomiting. Stools from 37 patients were examined for disease agents; enterotoxigenic E. coli were identified in stools from 27% of these patients; ST-producing E. coli in 21.6%, and LT-producing E. coli in the remaining 5.4%. During the initial rehydration period there were no significant differences between the 2 groups as to duration of therapy or amount of fluid given. During the subsequent study period members of the oral treatment group required significantly less fluid and less treatment than members of the intravenous group, average amount of fluid required per kg of body weight being 67.3 ml in the intravenous group, and 32.3 ml in the oral group. Progress toward a normal level of consciousness was significantly greater among members of the oral rehydration group; the mothers of the children were able to administer the oral therapy quite effectively, thus saving time for physicians and nurses.
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PMID:Etiology of childhood diarrhea and oral rehydration therapy in northeastern Brazil. 627 33

A prospective, randomized double-blind trial of doxycycline prophylaxis for traveler's diarrhea was conducted on 145 volunteers during a 2.5-day visit to Mexico. Traveler's diarrhea occurred in 15 (21%) of the placebo group and in 3 (4%) of the doxycycline group (p = 0.002). There was no rebound increase in the incidence of acute diarrhea after departure from the high risk area in the doxycycline-treated group. A variety of bacterial pathogens were isolated from individuals symptomatic with traveler's diarrhea. Nausea alone (8%) or nausea with vomiting (4%) occurred in the doxycycline-treated group only and were the only side effects observed (p = 0.003). We conclude that doxycycline is safe and efficacious for the prophylaxis of traveler's diarrhea for short-term exposure in a high risk area.
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PMID:Brief prophylaxis with doxycycline for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea. 633 8

During a prospective study of infectious gastroenteritis in children under 2 years, 19 out of 390 patients (4.9%) were found to have Clostridium difficile cytotoxin in the faeces. In several there was no history of use of antibiotics. The symptoms of many infants with toxin settled spontaneously, but one child became acutely and severely ill and developed a toxic megacolon and five others required, and responded to, vancomycin. Cl difficile was cultured from the stools in 191 (49%) of the children. The highly significant increased prevalence of past use of antibiotics in 118 control patients was not associated with an increased incidence of either isolation of Cl difficile or presence of faecal cytotoxin. Cl difficile should not be overlooked as a cause of acute diarrhoea and vomiting in children under 2 years.
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PMID:Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in infants admitted to hospital with infectious gastroenteritis. 642 63

From among 1,248 stool specimens examined during the 2-year period, February 1979 to February 1981, astrovirus was detected by electron microscopy in 42 specimens from 28 children. Diarrhoea was an invariable clinical feature; vomiting occurred in 18 children, abdominal pain in 7, and mild dehydration in 5. Fourteen of the children with acute diarrhoea were admitted directly to the gastroenteritis unit. The other 14 children developed their acute diarrhoea sometime after hospital admission. Although the excretion of astrovirus was associated with mild gastroenteritis, the presence of other enteric pathogens in 16 of the 28 children limited the degree to which the clinical symptoms could be attributed to astrovirus alone. Transient monosaccharide intolerance lasting 1 to 2 days occurred in 18 children, and cow's milk protein intolerance requiring milk elimination for several months was a sequel in 3 children.
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PMID:Clinical associations of stool astrovirus in childhood. 682 Nov 17

A male infant, aged 1 year 3 months, was admitted to the hospital with protracted diarrhoea, vomiting, and weight loss. The diarrhoea and vomiting coincided with an outbreak of acute diarrhoea and vomiting affecting other family members. Biopsy showed a flat small intestinal mucosa which did not respond to a diet free of gluten, cow's milk, and eggs, or during 8 weeks of intravenous alimentation. Steroids were given, and courses of nalcrom and later cimetidine, but these did not produce any significant improvement. A rare IgG autoantibody specific for gut epithelium was found, which, when present, was associated with a cytological abnormality of crypt enteroblasts. The autoantibody disappeared after treatment with cyclophosphamide, and the cytological abnormality subsequently diminished. However, the mucosa remained severely abnormal and has been so for 23 months. It is possible that an autoimmune reaction against the patient's small intestinal mucosa has led to persistence of the enteropathy.
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PMID:Flat small intestinal mucosa and autoantibodies against the gut epithelium. 718 65

During July 6-August 2, 1990, at the outpatient clinic at Children's Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, pediatricians recruited the first 5-7 children aged less than 5 with acute diarrhea to a study to determine the incidence, clinical presentation, and severity of human rotavirus (HRV) diarrhea during the monsoon season. The study also aimed to examine the reliability of the detection methods for HRV and the different HRV electropherotypes. 103 cases of gastroenteritis were compared with 44 controls. 17% of cases had a household diarrheal contact. 18% of cases excreted HRV, while none of the controls did. 69% of HRV cases were infants. Vomiting and moderate dehydration occurred significantly more often in HRV cases than non-HRV cases (84% vs. 57% and 47% vs. 12%, respectively; p 0.05). HRV cases were more likely to receive intravenous fluids than non-HRV cases (47% vs. 19%; p 0.01). The researchers used IDEIATM ELISA as the standard for comparison with other screening methods since it is highly reliable. Electron microscopy (EM) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) had the highest sensitivity and specificity levels (84 and 90 vs. 80 for latex particle agglutination [LPA] and 100 vs. 81 for LPA, respectively). PAGE found 94.7% of HRV positive samples were of subgroup II and 5.3% of subgroup I. Nine different HRV electropherotypes were identified. EM identified adenovirus in 11 cases. These findings suggest that IDEIATM ELISA and PAGE can be both diagnostically and epidemiologically useful for HRV infection in areas with limited access to expensive equipment.
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PMID:Rotavirus diarrhoea in Thai infants and children. 767 16


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