Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From December 25, 1990, to January 12, 1991, an outbreak of acute viral gastroenteritis occurred among 132 residents and 102 employees of a Maryland nursing home. Illness typically lasted 24 hours and was characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. The attack rate was 46.2% (61/132) for residents and 42.2% (43/102) for employees. No differences in attack rates were observed by station in the facility. The risk of having an early case (before the peak of the outbreak on January 2, 1991) was 3.5 times greater for employees with patient contact than for employees without patient contact. Analyses of temporal and geographic clustering of cases suggest that person-to-person transmission was an important transmission mode. Although an etiologic agent was not identified, the short duration of illness, high rates of vomiting and diarrhea, and high attack rate are consistent with Norwalk-like viral infection.
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PMID:Gastroenteritis outbreak in a Maryland nursing home. 812 Dec 57

Three hundred and seventy-eight passengers reported gastroenteritis during four cruises in the western Mediterranean on consecutive weeks of 1995. The rate at which cases were reported each day increased on the fourth cruise. The ship's owner commissioned an epidemiological investigation from the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. Cases reported explosive vomiting and diarrhoea, which lasted from 24 hours to five days, and were suggestive of viral gastroenteritis. No food handlers reported illness, but enquiries suggested that some had been ill and treated themselves. No bacterial pathogens were isolated from faecal specimens provided by cases or from water, food, and environmental samples taken from the galley. Small round structured viruses (SRSV) were identified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in two faecal specimens and one specimen of vomit from people who became ill during the fourth cruise. SRSV was also identified in one faecal specimen by electron microscopy. Environmental inspection revealed inappropriate food handling, hygiene, and storage. During one 24 hour period no chlorine was detectable in the water. A case control study conducted on the fourth cruise sought details of exposure to various foodstuffs, unbottled water, and various parts of the ship. No significant associations were found between illness and any exposures. The evidence strongly suggested a continuing outbreak of SRSV infection transmitted from person to person. Some passengers remained on board for a second week and could have transmitted their infection to new arrivals. The ship was cleared and disinfected at the end of the fourth cruise in order to interrupt transmission. Fewer than 10 cases presented in each of the fifth and sixth cruises.
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PMID:An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis on a cruise ship. 899 May 76

Because enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is not identified by routine stool culture methods, ETEC outbreaks may go unrecognized, and opportunities for treatment and prevention may be missed. To improve recognition of adult ETEC outbreaks, we compared them with reported outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis. During 1975-95, we identified 14 ETEC outbreaks in the United States and 7 on cruise ships, caused by 17 different serotypes and affecting 5683 persons. Median symptom prevalences were: diarrhoea 99%, abdominal cramps 82%, nausea 49%, fever 22%, vomiting 14%. The median incubation period was 42 h, and for 8 of 10 outbreaks, the mean or median duration of illness was > 72 h (range 24-264). For 17 (81%) ETEC outbreaks, but for only 2 (8%) viral outbreaks, the prevalence of diarrhoea was > or = 2.5 times the prevalence of vomiting. ETEC outbreaks may be differentiated from viral gastroenteritis outbreaks by a diarrhoea-to-vomiting prevalence ratio of > or = 2.5 and a longer duration of illness.
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PMID:Outbreaks of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in American adults: a clinical and epidemiologic profile. 1048 36

In February 1993, 95 persons (47 patients and 48 staff members) were affected by an hospital outbreak of viral gastroenteritis. Using direct electron microscopy (EM) the causative agent was identified as a small round structured virus. This was confirmed as a Norwalk-like virus using solid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM). Of 94 stool samples examined, 12 (13%) samples containing small round structured viruses (SRSV) were SPIEM positive for Norwalk-like virus. A further 25 (27%) samples contained small round featureless virus (SRFV) identified by direct EM and were negative on SPIEM. The illness was characterized by preceding influenza-like symptoms in 76% of cases followed by vomiting (76%), diarrhoea (79%) and abdominal pain (79%). One fatality was recorded. The outbreak lasted for 15 days, with a peak incidence of new cases amongst patients and staff occurring on day 5. It was controlled through a combination of ward closures, patient cohorting, suspension of duties for affected staff and disinfection procedures. Difficulties were encountered in the education of staff and in the implementation of environmental control measures. Screening of hospital catering services and a case control study, carried out among affected staff members, failed to identify a foodborne source. Consumption of tap water in the hospital was commoner among affected staff members than among controls, but this did not reach significance (P = 0.1).
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PMID:Investigation of an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk-like virus, using solid phase immune electron microscopy. 1066 61

A 45-year-old Mexican woman with a history of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), hypertension, and coronary artery disease presented to the hospital after 2 months of intractable nausea, vomiting and diarrhea-all made worse by eating and drinking. She reported fever, chills, anorexia and a documented 50-pound weight loss during this period. She denied the signs and symptoms of melena, hematochezia, steatorrhea or constipation. She also reported left leg pain and decreased sensation and strength of her left leg compared to the right leg. She had been hospitalized 2 weeks prior to admission with the same symptoms and a diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis. She was also treated for H. pylori, but subsequent biopsy results were negative by Steiner stain.
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PMID:Intractable nausea, vomiting and diarrhea in a Mexican woman with No recent travel history. 1068 42

Norwalk virus (NV) and Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) are common etiologic agents of viral gastroenteritis. Viral gastroenteritis is a common disease that is highly transmissible, spreading rapidly through families, institutions, and communities. Because methods for in vitro cultivation of Norwalk etiologic agents are not available, information regarding this syndrome has come largely from studies in human volunteers. Sequential passaging of an NLV through an immunoincompetent newborn pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) may allow for the adaptation of a human NLV to a primate host, thus providing an animal model for investigating this disease. A fecal filtrate of human origin containing NLV, Toronto virus P2-A, was obtained from a patient during an epidemic of viral gastroenteritis. The filtrate was administered via nasogastric tube to three newborn pigtailed macaques. Clinical illness, which was characterized by diarrhea, dehydration, and vomiting, occurred in three monkeys. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and oligonucleotide probe analysis of RNA extracted from the stool samples following infection revealed viral RNA in all inoculated monkeys. Infection was also transmitted experimentally by feeding two additional newborn macaques a fecal filtrate prepared from the three previously infected animals. Detection of viral RNA in the stools of animals that received the fecal filtrate indicates that viral replication occurred in association with clinical illness. The susceptibility of Macaca nemestrina to infection with a Norwalk-like agent will facilitate the study of the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of NLV. This system may also have the potential to serve as a vaccine test model for human epidemic viral gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Experimental infection of Macaca nemestrina with a Toronto Norwalk-like virus of epidemic viral gastroenteritis. 1179 94

In January 1999, an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis affected more than 300 people who attended a metropolitan concert hall over a 5-day period. Norwalk-like virus (NLV) was confirmed in faecal samples by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. The index case was a concert attendee who vomited in the auditorium and adjacent male toilet. Gastrointestinal illness occurred among members of 8/15 school parties who attended the following day. Children who sat on the same level of the auditorium as the index case were much more likely to be ill than those seated elsewhere (relative risk 7.1, 95% confidence interval 5.4-9.2. P < 0.001). The majority of other reported cases had not been present on the evening of the vomiting incident. Disinfection procedure was poor and the disinfectant used contained no sodium hypochlorite. Transmission most likely occurred through direct contact with contaminated fomites. The outbreak has implications for disinfection procedures following vomiting incidents at public venues.
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PMID:An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis following environmental contamination at a concert hall. 1240 11

Noroviruses (NV) are transmitted by fecally contaminated food, vomit, and person-to-person contact. They are one of the main causes of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis in nursing, old people and children's homes. NV outbreaks are characterized by a short incubation period (12-48 h), nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and high secondary attack rates. The illness is generally mild and self-limiting. The aim of diagnostic procedures in viral gastroenteritis is to avoid nosocomial infections on the one hand and unnecessary antibiotic treatment on the other. Diagnostic procedures for NV are based on the detection of virus in stool samples by (immune) transmission electron microscopy (TEM), antigen ELISA, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In our study, a total of 244 stool samples obtained from 227 patients between March and May 2002 were tested by TEM, antigen ELISA and in-house PCR. Our data showed that PCR has the highest sensitivity (94.1%), followed by TEM (58.3%), and ELISA (31.3%), while specificity was highest for TEM (98.0%), followed by ELISA (94.9%), and PCR (92.4%). All three methods tested (TEM, ELISA and PCR) are useful for epidemiological investigations in gastroenteritis outbreaks; however, to maximize diagnostic validity for individual cases, at least two of the methods should be combined.
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PMID:Laboratory diagnosis of norovirus: which method is the best? 1293 Oct 32

Rotaviruses are the major causes of viral gastroenteritis in infant and the young children. There are a wide spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms of rotavirosis. Rotavirus infection is fecal-oral infection. Rotaviruses prove with Latex agglutination test and electron microscopy. In a four year period 943 stool samples out of 527 hospitalized patients had been analyzed. A presence of rotavirus is proved with a LA and EM tests at 170 (32,2%) patients age 0-7 years, in their stool samples. Analyzing age groups of these patients, it was found that the rotaviruses infection the most frequently occurred at age group from 7-24 months. From 170 positive patients, 122 or 71,8% were in this age group. At all patients was found diarrhea, vomiting in a 90,5% cases. Mild fever had 65,5% patients, signs of a respiratory infection appeared at 60,7% patients, abdominal pain at 13,3% patients. Severe dehydration had 49,9% patients and metabolic acidosis had 79,2% cases. Macroscopically blood in stool had 6,4% patients, slime in a stool 46,0% patients was found, and aholic stool had 8,4% patients. In all hospitalized patients disease lasted in average 12,6 days, and the hospitalization in average 10,2 days. None of the patient had any kind of complication, all of them very successfully cured. These results confirm that rotaviruses are important health problem among infant and the young children in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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PMID:Clinical characteristics of rotaviruses disease. 1562 19

The study presented here aimed to elucidate the diagnostic value of bacterial stool cultures and viral antigen tests when performed based on the clinical characteristics of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. A total of 21 (11.2%) bacterial and 74 (39.6%) viral infections affecting 187 children under the age of 3 years was investigated. Blood (p<0.001) and mucus (p=0.014) in the stool and a C-reactive protein (CRP) level of >or=50 mg/l (p=0.006) were more significantly associated with gastroenteritis of bacterial rather than viral origin. Vomiting (p<0.001) was significantly associated with viral gastroenteritis. Among children with bloody stool, culture grew a Salmonella spp. in 35% and for vomiting children, stool antigen tests detected rotavirus in 60% of cases. In conclusion, etiologic tests to determine the cause of childhood gastroenteritis according to their characteristic clinical features or laboratory test results, or both, are of low diagnostic value.
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PMID:Diagnostic value of bacterial stool cultures and viral antigen tests based on clinical manifestations of acute gastroenteritis in pediatric patients. 1609 76


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