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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The 13C-octanoic acid breath test is considered a useful tool to measure gastric emptying both in physiological and pathological conditions. Many studies have concerned functional dyspepsia. Recently, breath test has been used in predicting a delayed gastric emptying in subsets of dyspeptic symptoms. In detail only postprandial fullness and vomiting are resulted significantly correlated with delayed solid emptying. Besides in the patients with dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome associated, intestinal disturbances did not seem to contribute to delay gastric emptying. In diabetic patients octanoate test has confirmed the percentages of delayed emptying obtained by means of scintigraphy. In other organic states (celiac disease, cirrhosis, renal failure, neurological disease, etc) most of reports have proved a delayed emptying of solids. In GERD and ulcer disease gastric function is resulted normal, being accelerated in distal gastrectomy and in hyperemesis gravidarum. From pathophysiological point of view Helicobacter pylori, extrinsic autonomic neuropathy (apart from diabetes) and autoimmunity do not seem to relate with gastric emptying, both in functional and organic disease.
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PMID:13C-octanoic acid breath test in functional and organic disease: critical review of literature. 1645 24

This review addresses the current concepts in our understanding of the epidemiology, mechanisms, symptoms, clinical consequences, diagnosis and treatment of delayed gastric emptying in patients with diabetes. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly postprandial fullness, nausea, vomiting and abdominal bloating, occur in 30-50% of patients with diabetes. The use of scintigraphic techniques, and more recently breath test, has shown that as many as 50% of diabetic patients have gastroparesis. Diabetic gastroparesis comprises a decrease in fundic and antral motor activity, a reduction or a lack of the interdigestive migrating motor complex, gastric dysrhythmias, and pylorospasms. The mechanisms involved include: autonomic neuropathy, acute hyperglycaemia, and abnormalities in gastrointestinal hormones and neuropeptides. Other possible contributing factors such as hypothyroidism and H. pylori infection are discussed as well. Because treatment is possible by means of dietary advise, prokinetics or surgical procedures, it is important to identify risk factors for and to diagnose gastroparesis to prevent morbidity by controlling gastrointestinal symptoms, and to enhance glucoregulation. Understanding the current advances is key to the development of novel therapeutic strategies and for making rational choices in the management of diabetic gastroparesis.
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PMID:Current concepts in gastric motility in diabetes mellitus. 1822 Jun 21

We report two type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic ketoacidosis accompanied by alkalaemia. Twenty-three cases have been reported to date, and the main causes for alkalaemia were vomiting, alkali ingestion, and diuretics use. Our report indicated that poorly controlled diabetic patients who already had autonomic neuropathy are at risk.
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PMID:Two cases of type 1 diabetic women with diabetic ketoacidosis presenting as alkalaemia. 1911 32

Gastric emptying is frequently abnormal in patients with long-standing type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Symptoms commonly associated with disordered gastric emptying include nausea, vomiting, bloating and epigastric pain, while patients are also at risk of malnutrition, weight loss, impaired drug absorption, disordered glycaemic control and poor quality of life. Although often attributed to the presence of irreversible autonomic neuropathy, acute hyperglycaemia represents a potentially reversible cause of gastric dysfunction in diabetes. Scintigraphy represents the gold standard for measuring gastric emptying. The management of diabetic gastroparesis is less than optimal, partly because the pathogenesis has not been clearly defined. Treatment approaches include dietary modification and optimization of glycaemia, and the use of prokinetic drugs, while novel therapies such as gastric electrical stimulation are the subject of ongoing investigation.
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PMID:Diabetic gastroparesis: diagnosis and management. 1949 27

Bortezomib with or without dexamethasone has been reported to be very effective and well tolerated in the treatment of AL amyloidosis. Commonly reported adverse effects are fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, postural hypotension from autonomic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia and anemia. Dyspnea has been rarely reported as an adverse effect of bortezomib therapy in AL amyloidosis. We are reporting three case reports of patients suffering from AL amyloidodis, who had new onset acute dyspnea secondary to bortezomib treatment that required drug discontinuation. There might be some correlation between the AL amyloidosis disease and bortezomib associated dyspnea, but the pathophysiology is poorly understood.
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PMID:Acute dyspnea from treatment of AL amyloidisis with bortezomib. 2033 91

Diabetic gastroparesis is a component of autonomic neuropathy, and is the most common manifestation of gastrointestinal neuropathy. Diabetes is responsible for about one quarter of gastroparesis. The upper gastrointestinal symptoms are often non-specific and dominated by nausea, vomiting, early satiety, fullness, bloating. We also have to look for diabetic gastroparesis in case of metabolic instability, such as postprandial hypoglycaemia. The pathophysiology of diabetic gastroparesis is complex, partly due to a vagus nerve damage, but also to changes in secretion of hormones such as motilin and ghrelin. A decrease in the stem cell factor (SCF), growth factor for cells of Cajal (gastric pacemaker), was found in subjects with diabetic gastroparesis. These abnormalities lead to an excessive relaxation in the corpus, a hypomotility of antrum, a desynchronization antrum-duodenum-pylorus, and finally an abnormal duodenal motility. The treatment of diabetic gastroparesis is based on diabetes control, and split meals by reducing the fiber content and fat from the diet. The antiemetic and prokinetic agents should be tested primarily in people with nausea and vomiting. Finally, after failure of conventional measures, the use of gastric neuromodulation is an effective alternative, with well-defined indications. Introduced in the 1970s, this technology works by applying electrical stimulation continues at the gastric antrum, particularly in patients whose gastric symptoms are refractory to other therapies. Its efficacy has been recently reported in different causes of gastroparesis, especially in diabetes. Gastric emptying based on gastric scintigraphy, gastrointestinal symptoms, biological markers of glycaemic control and quality of life are partly improved, but not normalized. Finally, a heavy nutritional care is sometimes necessary in the most severe forms. The enteral route should be preferred (nasojejunal and jejunostomy if possible efficiency). However, in case of failure especially in patients with small bowel neuropathy, the long-term parenteral nutrition is sometimes required.
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PMID:Gastric electrical stimulation for the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis. 2274 75

Diabetic autonomic neural imbalance is a severe complication of long-term diabetes patients and may progress to diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN). The prevalence of DAN is reported to be between 20 and 70%, depending on the studies. The pathogenesis of DAN remains unresolved. However, emerging evidence suggests that glycemic variability (GV) may be associated with autonomic imbalance in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. As symptoms are initially weak and uncharacteristic, the condition often remains undiagnosed until late manifestations present themselves. Predominant symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, gastroparesis, involuntary diarrhea, postural hypotension, voiding difficulties, and sexual dysfunction. Analyzing the patterns of heart rate variability carries the potential for detection of autonomic imbalance in the subclinical and asymptomatic stages. In this context, GV may affect the sympathovagal balance by increasing oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines. Establishing a GV risk profile could therefore be important in determining risk factors in diabetes patients. This review addresses the issues above and in particular the possible association between diabetic autonomic imbalance and GV.
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PMID:Diabetic autonomic imbalance and glycemic variability. 2306 48

We present a case of an 8-year-old boy with visceral autonomic neuropathy complicated by Guillain-Barre syndrome. In this pediatric patient, gastroparesis was the major symptom among the autonomic symptoms. Due to the gastroparesis, there was no progress with the oral diet, and nutrition was therefore supplied through a nasojejunal tube and gastrojejunal tube via Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). After tube feeding for 9 months, the patient's gastrointestinal symptoms improved and his oral ingestion increased. The pediatric patient was maintained well without gastrointestinal symptoms for 3 months after removal of the PEG, had repeated vomiting episodes which lead to the suspicion of cyclic vomiting syndrome. Then he started treatment with low-dose amitriptyline, which resulted in improvement. Currently, the patient has been maintained well for 6 months without recurrence, and his present growth status is normal.
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PMID:A Case of Visceral Autonomic Neuropathy Complicated by Guillain-Barre Syndrome Accompanied with Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome-like Disorder in a Child. 2615 99

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a functional disorder characterized by stereotypical episodes of intense vomiting separated by weeks to months. Although it can occur at any age, the most common age at presentation is 3-7 years. There is no gender predominance. The precise pathophysiology of CVS is not known but a strong association with migraine headaches, in the patient as well as the mother indicates that it may represent a mitochondriopathy. Studies have also suggested the role of an underlying autonomic neuropathy involving the sympathetic nervous system in its pathogenesis. CVS has known triggers in many individuals and avoiding these triggers can help prevent the onset of the episodes. It typically presents in four phases: a prodrome, vomiting phase, recovery phase and an asymptomatic phase until the next episode. Complications such as dehydration and hematemesis from Mallory Wise tear of the esophageal mucosa may occur in more severe cases. Blood and urine tests and abdominal imaging may be indicated depending upon the severity of symptoms. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy may also be indicated in certain circumstances. Management of an episode after it has started ('abortive treatment') includes keeping the patient in a dark and quiet room, intravenous hydration, ondansetron, sumatriptan, clonidine, and benzodiazepines. Prophylactic treatment includes cyproheptadine, propranolol and amitriptyline. No mortality has been reported as a direct result of CVS and many children outgrow it over time. A subset may develop other functional disorders like irritable bowel syndrome and migraine headaches.
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PMID:Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome: A Functional Disorder. 2677 Aug 96

Diabetic microangiopathy is a frequent complication of longstanding diabetes mellitus. Micro vascular lesions may have severe implications for both maternal and foetal health. Patients with advanced underlying lesions are at increased risk of progression during pregnancy. Severe retinal lesions can progress during pregnancy and one year after delivery. Poor glycaemic control prior to conception and rapid improvement during pregnancy are other risk factors of progression. Treatment of lesions with high risk of progression and progressive blood glucose lowering in the preconception period can improve the prognosis. Diabetic nephropathy predisposes to preeclampsia, premature delivery, intrauterine growth retardation and perinatal mortality. Patients with elevated creatinine levels are at increased risk of permanent impairment of kidney function. These patients should be closely monitored and their blood pressure tightly controlled. Gastroparesis may be aggravated by pregnancy hyper emesis. Autonomic neuropathy may result in erratic maternal glucose control, foetus growth retardation and foetal loss.
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PMID:Microangiopathy and pregnancy. 2758 54


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