Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pharmacological properties of MCNU, methyl 6-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, were investigated in laboratory animals. MCNU had no effects on the central nervous, respiratory or the cardiovascular systems, but dilation of isolated auricular vessel was seen. No local anesthetic activity was demonstrated. Treatment with MCNU had practically no influence on the contraction of the isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm, ileum, vas deferens or uterus. Furthermore, no effects on the passage of charcoal meal, size of the pupil and the contraction of nictitating membrane were observed. MCNU caused a reduction of leucocyte counts, suppression of immune responses, local irritation, suppression of blood coagulating activity and slight inhibition of gastric secretion. No definite effects were observed on blood glucose level or renal and liver functions. MCNU had no antiinflammatory and diuretic activities and did not cause hemolysis. Vomiting and diarrhea were observed by the administration of MCNU. In conclusion, the major pharmacological effects of MCNU are reduction of leukocyte counts, local irritation and immuno-suppression. The reduction of leukocyte counts induced by MCNU was more significant than that by chlorozotocin, but less than that by CCNU. Other effects may be considered somewhat weak or almost the same extent compared with these agents.
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PMID:[Pharmacological studies on MCNU: a new antitumor agent]. 322

Literature data on current methods of induced abortion during the 2nd trimester are reviewed with special emphasis on the use of intraamniotic administration of hypertonic saline solution. A 20% saline is injected during amniocentesis either intra-abdominally or through the vagina; the optimum time period for pregnancy termination is 21-23 weeks of gestation. In the majority of patients, miscarriage occurs within 24-36 hours. The incidence of complications after administration of 20% saline ranges from 1.7-2.18%. Complications include hypernatremia, hemolysis, anuria, coma, seizures, incomplete abortion, hemorrhage, and inflammatory pelvic disease. Contraindications for pregnancy termination using hypertonic saline include cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system diseases, kidney diseases, late pregnancy toxemias, presence of postoperative cicatrix on the uterus, and placenta previa. The mechanism of abortifacient action of hypertonic saline may be associated with stimulation of the synthesis of endogenous prostaglandins (PG). The findings that PG can stimulate uterine contractions prompted clinical trials of PG as abortifacient agents. Longterm iv administration of PGF2 alpha and PGE during 2nd trimester was found to be associated with serious complications (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, phlebitis at the site of vein puncture). For this reason, the method of iv administration of PG was abandoned. Intra-amniotic administration of PGF2 alpha (40-50 mg) was shown to induce abortion in 82-91% of the patients within 48 hours after injection. The incidence of hemorrhage and rupture of the cervix uteri after PG administration was significantly greater than that after saline injection. The intramuscular and vaginal administration of synthetic PG alone or in combination with Laminaria was shown to provide the most effective and safe method of induced abortion during the 2nd trimester.
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PMID:[Artificial termination of pregnancy in late periods]. 332 84

We present a case of delay in diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture and herniation in a pregnant 25-year-old woman. The diaphragmatic rupture was secondary to trauma sustained five months prior to presentation. Subsequent to her accident, she was provided medical care on multiple occasions for symptoms of intractable nausea, vomiting, and weight loss that were probably related to an expanding uterus and diaphragmatic herniation of abdominal contents. At the time she presented to us the herniation had progressed and she was experiencing severe respiratory difficulty. A nasogastric tube was placed for diagnosis and decompression. A chest radiograph provided the diagnosis of herniation of gastrointestinal contents through the left hemidiaphragm. A healthy 5-lb boy was delivered vaginally and subsequently a left thoracotomy was performed for decompression and repair of the diaphragm. The patient's hospital course after hernia repair was uneventful.
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PMID:Delayed diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia during pregnancy. 335 40

The authors analyse 115 cases of acute fatty liver of pregnancy, proven histologically. Characteristics of the condition is the finding of central nuclei in the hepatocytes containing microvesicular droplets. The disease occurs more frequently in primiparous women (54 per cent) and usually occurs in the third trimester of the pregnancy. A pre-icteric phase usually precedes the jaundice and during that time there is usually vomiting and/or nausa with abdominal pain or anarexia. In 92 per cent of case there is transient loss of consciousness with hepatic encephalopathy. Further tests show that there is more defective liver function than would be expected from the extent of cell lysis; and there is defective renal function. The worst complications are intestinal haemorrhages (48 per cent of cases)--genital bleeding (43 per cent of cases)--shock--diffuse intravascular coagulation and complications associated with coma. Maternal mortality at present runs at 25 per cent and fetal mortality at 60 per cent. The condition does not recur. Early evacuation of the uterus is recommended by most authors and does probably improve the outlook. The various hypotheses concerning the aetiology are discussed.
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PMID:[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]. 354 2

The first 200 consecutive laparoscopic sterilizations at the Churchill Hospital, Oxford, using local anesthesia and Filshie clips, are presented in detail. 4 or 5 operations were scheduled per half day, with a gynecologist-surgeon, an anesthetist, and 4 nurses. Most patients received only local anesthesia, with care to reach the peritoneal layer; those with anxiety also received midazolam. Lignocaine was dropped on the clip sites. The laparoscope was a 7 mm Storz. After the procedure, gas was expelled with the Valsalva maneuver, and No. 1 silk sutures were applied where necessary. Vaginal manipulation was needed in 38 women for retroverted uterus. Other difficulties included adhesions precluding completion of the operation in 1 and obesity in another, and in 10 others minor adhesions, or omentum or bowel overlying the field. Postoperative complaints included pain in 148 treated with iv or oral analgesics, vomiting in 10, hypotension in 8. 194 of the women returned questionnaires about the experience, and 91% of these said they would recommend laparoscopic sterilization under local anesthesia to a friend. It was felt that elimination of preoperative pain medication, used in the first few patients, as well as early mobilization, sped up recovery. The specific pain complaints were fewer than those in several reports, possibly because of the gentler handling entailed in a procedure done by local, rather than general, anesthesia.
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PMID:Two hundred out-patient laparoscopic clip sterilizations using local anaesthesia. 358 Mar 29

The authors used sulprostone on 165 women whose pregnancies had lasted more than 12 weeks. The principal indications were: intra-uterine fetal deaths in 65 cases and an antenatal diagnosis of fetal malformations in 75 cases. Three routes of administration of the drug were employed: extra-amniotic in 15 women; intravenous in 62 women; intramuscular in 88 women. The doses used (adding together the intramuscular and intravenous routes) were: ampoule of 500 micrograms of sulprostone in 25% of cases; ampoules in 50% of cases; ampoules in 25% of cases. It was found to be very effective: by the intravenous route 88.70% expelled the fetus in 24 hours with a mean induction delivery time of 11 hours; by the intramuscular route 89.77% expelled in 24 hours with a mean induction delivery time of 11 hours 45 minutes. The side effects were not common: nausea in 17.6%; vomiting in 16.4% and diarrhoea in 6%. Ther marked effectiveness of sulprostone on the one hand and the good tolerance on the other indicate the effects of this product, which are a strong action on the uterus and a feeble action on the smooth muscle of other organs.
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PMID:[Termination of pregnancy and evacuation of the uterine contents in the second trimester. Use of a prostaglandin E2 analog: sulprostone]. 358 70

In most developed countries in which therapeutic abortions are legal, termination of pregnancy is performed at between 8 and 12 weeks of gestation. Because the complication rate after this procedure rises with increasing gestation, there would be many advantages in inducing abortion before the eighth week ('menstrual induction'). With the increasing availability of highly sensitive methods of detecting human chorionic gonadotropin, pregnancy can now be diagnosed as early as 10-14 days after conception. The uterus can be surgically evacuated safely and simply by suction aspiration under local anaesthesia. However, a safe and effective method of inducing abortion by medical means would be a useful and cheaper alternative. Of the potentially useful compounds, only derivatives of prostaglandins E and F administered by vaginal pessary have so far been shown to be effective. Although the rate of haemorrhage and infection is low, 10-30% of women experience moderate side-effects of pelvic pain, diarrhoea and/or vomiting. The possibilities are discussed of reducing the incidence of side-effects by different methods of release or using prostaglandins in combination with other compounds such as antigestogens which might lower the therapeutic threshold.
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PMID:Menstrual induction: surgery versus prostaglandins. 386 9

A review of the prelegal abortion scene in the US precedes discussion of the effect of injected soap, phenol, cresol, and their compounds. The latter is based on a review of 4 toxicology books. There is little difference in the symptoms after the instillation of phenols, cresols, or soaps. Any one of those agents can cause vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain and distension, nausea, vomiting, and cramps. The damage produced by the use of Lysol thus is due to both the phenol and soap components of the compound. Following instillation into the uterus, there is coagulation necrosis of the decidua and placental site. The toxin will invariable cause thrombosis of the intrauterine and parametrial veins. The thrombosis may spread to the entire pelvic vein plexus and paravaginal, paracervical, and ovarian veins. The liver and kidney are affected by the toxin. Icterus and bile pigments in the urine and clinical evidence of liver damage are seen often. Pulmonary edema has been described as have microscopic to massive pulmonary oil emboli and thrombosis. Depression of all bone marrow elements due to toxin has been reported. The red blood cells are further depressed in number because of hemolysis. Cerebral changes include oil emboli, cerebral coagulation, necrosis, and petechial hemorrhages. Until Studdiford and Douglas described gram-negative sepsis causing shock, patients admitted with hypotension accompanying septic abortion were thought to have concealed blood loss. Studdiford and Douglas showed that gram-negative septicemia could produce hypotension. With the advent of massive antibiotic therapy for septic abortion and septic shock, most of these patients could be saved. The kidneys, after exposure to phenolic-soap comounds, show mainly lower nephron changes. As long as the toxin is in the system those changes continue until irreversible renal damage occurs. It is essential to remove the source of the poison (the affected uterus) and then remove the circulating toxins. the main problem is removal of the circulating toxin. In addition to the problems produced by fixed and circulating toxin, it has been shown that most phenol-soap induced abortions are infected. Thus it is necessary to employ the optimal antibiotic therapy for septic incomplete abortion. The initial management phase moves along classic lines. First is monitoring the vital state and supporting the systems. This includes maintaining an intravenous solution with a large-bore needle, monitoring central venous pressure, measuring urinary output, monitoring the vital signs, maintaining adequate oxygenation, and supporting the blood pressure with blood vasopressors or other agents, as needed. Second is diagnosing the extent of the illness. Third is the initial treatment, which includes reestablishment of the blood volume with blood transfusions; aggressive coverage with double or triple antibiotic therapy; correction of hypofibrinogenemia with cryoprecipitate, fresh whole blood or fresh frozen plasma, as indicated; and avoidance of overhydration in the presence of actual or suspected renal failure. After antibiotic coverage has been established, removal of retained products of conception is indicated.
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PMID:Treatment of women who have undergone chemically induced abortions. 404 35

Twelve patients underwent appendectomy during pregnancy or in the puerperium. The clinical presentation of acute appendicitis is altered during gestation, and diagnosis becomes increasingly difficult when close to term. Abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting are important symptoms. Peritoneal signs occur in the right lower quadrant early in pregnancy, but the upper quadrant or entire right side are more common locations, as the appendix is displaced upward by the enlarging uterus. Delay in treatment is common because of uncertainty in making the diagnosis and hesitancy to proceed with surgery. In the group of six patients with perforation, there was one maternal death and a loss of three fetuses. There were no complications in the absence of perforation. Prompt diagnosis is the cornerstone of a good outcome, and early surgical intervention is indicated if acute appendicitis is suspected. Pregnancy is not a reason to delay surgery. We review the literature on this topic and present and analyze principles of management.
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PMID:Acute appendicitis during pregnancy. Diagnosis and management. 406 42

Intravenous infusion of prostaglandins (PG) for pregnancy termination has been associated with long duration of infusion and side effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and erythema at the site of injection). Some of these side effects have been eliminated through the use of intravaginal and intrauterine administration of PGs. The authors studied the effects of intraamniotic administration of PG on the 2nd trimester pregnant uterus based on the observations that PGE2 and F2alpha are found in samples of amniotic fluid obtained during spontaneous abortion. Single intraamniotic administration of 2.5-5.0 mg PGE2 or 25 mg PGF2alpha in 10 women 13-22 weeks pregnant stimulated uterine contraction and resulted in abortion in every case. 8 women had complete abortion and 2 necessitated manual removal of the placenta. Injection-abortion interval ranged from 4-1/2-18 hours, with a mean of 11.4 hours. 4 women experienced nausea and 3 had vomiting. There were no other side effects. This route of administration appears to produce a local action on the uterus, and the procedure does not require withdrawal of any amniotic fluid.
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PMID:Second trimester abortion with single intra-amniotic injection of prostaglandins E2 or F2 alpha. 410 91


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