Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From 1982 to 1995, 71 children admitted in our medical center were diagnosed to have typhoid fever by culture or serology. Of the 71 children, most (83%) were aged 5-15 years. These children usually presented with fever and gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, and constipation. Hepatosplenomegaly was the most common physical sign observed and abdominal tenderness ranked the second. Thrombocytopenia occurring in 9 patients (13%) was the most common mode of complication. Other complications included intestinal perforation (3%), rectal bleeding (3%), ascites or pleural effusion (4%), and meningitis (1%). The incidence of complications tended to be higher among children 5 years of age or older (p = 0.31). Most patients responded well to appropriate antimicrobial therapies. There was no mortality. Relapse was observed in two children, although both had received 10 days of chloramphenicol therapy. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi were susceptible in vitro to all the antibiotics tested, including chloramphenicol, which, however, showed a higher MIC90 level than other drugs tested. In conclusion, there were age-specific differences of typhoid fever in children in terms of the incidence and morbidity and antibiotic resistance of S. typhi has not been a problem in this area at least up to 1995.
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PMID:Typhoid fever in children: a fourteen-year experience. 1091 May 50

One hundred children (consecutive) with positive blood culture for Salmonella typhi were studied for clinical profile and complications. The common clinical features were fever (100%), vomiting (58%), abdominal pain (48%), cough (22%) and loose stools (14%) and the Widal test was positive in 75% patients. Eighty per cent of the salmonella isolates were resistant to amoxycillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole drugs, but all were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Forty patients developed complications: encephalopathy (18), melaena (12), haematemesis (10), epistaxis (4), hepatitis (4), acalculous cholecystitis (4), bowel perforation (3) and nephritis (2). Complications were more frequent in children with multidrug-resistant typhoid. The final antibiotic required to render the children afebrile included ciprofloxacin (80), ceftriaxone, amoxycillin (4), chloramphenicol (4), amoxycillin and gentamicin (4), amoxycillin with chloramphenicol (2), and furazolidone (2). The defervesence time was least with ceftriaxone and greatest with amoxycillin. All the affected children made a complete recovery.
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PMID:Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever. 1107 47

Typhoid ileal perforation (TP) is a major problem in developing countries and carries a high mortality. The purpose of this retrospective study from Nigeria was to review the outcome in children less than 15 years of age who underwent surgery for TP from 1984 to 1999. Demographic data, clinical features, results of investigations, findings at surgery, postoperative course, and complications were recorded. There were 55 boys and 51 girls. The median age at presentation was 10 years (range 3-14). The surgically confirmed perforation rate was 11.0%. The clinical features in children older than 5 years were similar to already documented patterns in the literature. In children less than 5 years old the predominant symptoms were fever and vomiting only. Therefore, in the very young a high index of suspicion is required to avoid delay in diagnosis. Ninety eight patients (92.5%) had simple double-layer closure of the perforation. The mean hospital stay among survivors was 23.6 +/- 18.8 days. The commonest postoperative complications were wound infection and enterocutaneous fistula. The overall mortality was 23.8%, increasing to 50% in children aged less than 5 years, although the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). To improve survival in TP, attention should be focused on perioperative resuscitation and early intervention. The provision of potable water, adequate sanitation, and active immunisation are means to eradicate the disease.
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PMID:Typhoid ileal perforation in Nigerian children: an analysis of 106 operative cases. 1172 54

A retrospective analysis of cases diagnosed as typhoid fever over a ten-year period at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria was carried out to assess the presentation pattern, laboratory investigation, mortality and mode of therapy. Incidence was of typhoid fever was highest in the dry months of the year. The mean age of survivors and the dead are 25.7 and 21.9 years respectively. Most of the patients presented with fever, abdominal pains and other gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, constipation and diarrhoea. There was no specific temperature pattern but pulse rate > or = 120/minute was significantly associated with mortality. The commonest complication was intestinal perforation followed by haemorrhage with septic shock playing a prominent role in mortality. Mortality rate of 22.2% was recorded which is not significantly different from the 24% recorded at the same centre over three decades ago and most of them died within nine days of admission with 50% dying within 3 days. Most patients were scantily investigated with poor yield on blood, stool and urine cultures. Widal's test was not a favoured investigation and was not helpful in diagnosis. Chloramphenicol was the drug of choice as monotherapy, while metronidazole and gentamicin were used in cases of gut perforation. It is concluded that typhoid fever is still a major health concern in the tropics and efforts need to be geared up to combat this preventable scourge by improvement in basic necessities of life such as potable water, hygienic food in addition to health education.
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PMID:Retrospective analysis of typhoid fever in a tropical tertiary health facility. 1217 Sep 27

A variety of newly discovered pathogens and new forms of older infectious agents threaten to reemerge. Typical symptoms of acute infection are fever, headache, malaise, vomiting, and diarrhea. Some of the better-known emerging viral infections include dengue, filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg), hantaviruses, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, influenza, lassa fever, measles, rift valley fever, rotavirus, and yellow fever. Emerging bacterial infections include cholera, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, legionnaires disease (Legionella), lyme disease, streptococcus infections (group A), tuberculosis, and typhoid. Emerging parasitic infections include cryptosporidium and other waterborne pathogens and malaria. The causes of many diseases are still shrouded in mystery; thus, treatments and cures for them are as yet unknown.
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PMID:The threat of emerging infections. 1234 57

Blood cultures of children treated at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital from 1986 to 2000 were retrospectively reviewed and 19 specimens were positive for Salmonella typhi. Of 14 patients whose medical records were available, the age range was between 2 years and 15 years with a male to female ratio of 1.8:1. Major presentations were prolonged fever with a mean duration of 7 days and gastrointestinal manifestations including abdominal pain (71%), hepatomegaly (64%), anorexia (57%), vomiting (57%), and diarrhea (50%). Most cases had normal hematocrit values with white blood cell counts of 5,000-9,000 cells/mm3 and the percentage of neutrophils was 60-89. Complications were abnormal urine sediments (3) including a case of typhoid nephritis, severe enteritis (2) and acute hemolysis (1). Most isolates were susceptible to cotrimoxazole, ampicillin and ceftriaxone by the disk diffusion susceptibility test. Defervescence was seen within 3-14 days after antibiotic therapy. There was no mortality.
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PMID:Typhoid fever in children: experience in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. 1267 60

Wisconsin is blessed with an abundance of high quality water that has played a significant role in the economic and social development of the state. The quality of life for Wisconsinites is often at least partially defined by pristine inland lakes, a portion of the Great Lakes shoreline, or great-tasting well water. While no one likes to associate water with disease, especially waters like those we enjoy in Wisconsin, the historical reality is that there is a strong connection. Until the 1920s, intestinal diseases such as typhoid fever and cholera often spread through water and were a leading cause of death in the United States. While easy access to modern medical care combined with improved water treatment technologies have greatly decreased waterborne disease, the microbiology of Wisconsin's waters still deserves continued vigilance and attention. The World Health Organization currently estimates that, on a global basis, 4 billion annual cases of waterborne diarrhea result in more than 2 million deaths per year--the equivalent of 20 jumbo jet crashes per day. Most of these deaths are in children under 5 years of age. The daily global death toll from waterborne disease is at least 1000 times greater than from the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome epidemic that recently made headline news. Waterborne disease is not just a problem in underdeveloped countries. Scientists who study disease transmission believe that 10%-30% of the vomiting and diarrhea illness in North America, including Wisconsin, may be acquired from water.
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PMID:Protecting the waters of Wisconsin from microbiological threats. 1465 74

Six patients with typhoid fever were treated with chloramphenicol. The excellent clinical response in four cases suggests that chloramphenicol is the drug of choice in the treatment of this disease. In one case in which clinical relapse occurred, there was good response to re-treatment. One patient, critically ill, in a typhoid state, and treated late in the course of the disease, died without beneficial effect from chloramphenicol, but the patient had been unable to retain the drug because of vomiting.
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PMID:Chloramphenicol in the treatment of typhoid fever. 1541 43

Clinical and laboratory features, complications and treatment were retrospectively studied in 70 patients with bacteriologically documented typhoid fever, treated between January 1995 and June 2002 at Principal Hospital in Dakar, Senegal. Data analysis was done on a global basis as well as comparatively between the 37 children (under 15 years) and 33 adults. Mean age was 16.7 years (range, 1 to 52). The sex ratio was 1.4. Clinical manifestations included fever (97%), headache (50%), vomiting (71%), abdominal pain (54%), diarrhoea (49%), nnd splenomegaly (10%) without statistically significant difference between children and adults. Lyinphopenia was found in 51% of patients and anaemia in 78%. Coexisting illnesses Included malaria in 25.5% (mainly children) and hepatitis (transminases > 10N) in 24%. Complications included cholecystitis in 3 patients, gastrointestinal haemorrhage in 2, peritonitis in one, endocnrditis in one and osteomyelitis in one. Only one patient (HIV-positive) died. The incidence of antibiotic resistance was low, i.e., ainoxicilline: 2%, nalidixic acid: 1% and cotrimoxazole: 8.2%. No multidrug resistance was observed. This study shows that typhoid fever remains a major health problem in Dakar with slow resolution and potential complications. Amoxicililne and chloramphenicol can still be used for first-line treatment of typhoid fever. Little difference was found between children and adults.
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PMID:[Clinical and laboratory features of typhoid fever in Senegal. A 70-case study]. 1655 13

Acute acalculous cholecystitis is a very rare complication of typhoid fever, and may be due to multi-drug resistant and virulent forms of Salmonella infection. It is particularly rare in adults. A 21-year-old woman, presenting with fever, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain, was found to have acute acalculous cholecystitis due to typhoid fever on basis of ultrasonographical findings and a positive Widal's test for Salmonella typhi. She was treated with antibiotics and made a full recovery.
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PMID:Acute acalculous cholecystitis: a rare complication of typhoid fever. 1657 47


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