Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two infants with lethargy, vomiting, convulsions, coma and marked metabolic acidosis were found to have very high concentrations of methylmalonic acid in their serum and urine. In vitro studies of fibroblasts demonstrated that the infants had different variants of methylmalonic acidemia.Vitamin B(12) was given in two different forms at 1 month of age and at 12 months of age. Each trial continued for 4 months but neither infant showed a clinical or biochemical response.In both infants hyperglycinemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia developed during acute metabolic crises only. Hypoglycemia was found in patient 2. Hyperammonemia was severe in patient 2 during acute crises but never appeared in patient 1. When clinically well, both infants continued to excrete abnormal amounts of methylmalonic acid in the urine and both had persistent compensated metabolic acidosis.Marked hyperuricemia developed in patient 1 at 18 months of age and led to progressive renal failure. Allopurinol therapy was necessary to keep the uric acid concentration within the normal range. Renal function returned to normal, as indicated by a marked increase in the renal clearance of creatinine and uric acid.Patient 1 is physically and mentally retarded, and has moderate hypotonia, hepatomegaly and persistent vomiting. Patient 2 has developed normally.The urine concentrations of methylmalonic acid in the four parents were normal.
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PMID:Methylmalonic acidemia: 6 years' clinical experience with two variants unresponsive to vitamin B12 therapy. 3 17

Clinical studies involving 5-azacytidine, a ring analogue of cytidine, began in Europe in 1967 and the United States in 1970, and we review available preclinical and clinical studies here. The drug possesses cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, abortive, and mutagenic activity in various biological systems. 5-Azacytidine is thought to exert its antineoplastic effect through interference with nucleic acid metabolism. The dose-limiting toxicities are nausea, vomiting, and leukopenia, while the incidence of thrombocytopenia is low. Hepatic toxicity ranges from abnormal findings in liver function tests to hepatic coma. Clinical results in solid tumors are not encouraging, but 5-azacytidine shows consistent antitumor activity in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia resistant to previous treatment. An overall response rate of 36%, with 20% complete remissions, was achieved in 200 previously treated patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Further studies must define the role of 5-azacytidine alone and in combination for the first-line treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia.
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PMID:5-Azacytidine. A new anticancer drug with effectiveness in acute myelogenous leukemia. 6 73

One hundred eighteen patients with metastatic carcinoid tumor were randomized to treatment with streptozotocin combined with cyclophosphamide or with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Commonly experienced side effects were nausea, vomiting, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and nephrotoxicity. Objective response rates among eligible and evaluable patients treated with the 5-FU combination was 14 of 42 (33%) and with the cyclophosphamide combination, 12 of 47 (26%). Among those patients with carcinoids primary to the small bowel the respective response rates were 44% and 37%. The overall response rates for patients with carcinoids of pulmonary or unknown origin were only 12% and 17%. There was no significant difference in patient survival between the two treatment arms. Among 11 patients who received crossover therapy with 5-FU alone there were two responders. There were no responders among eight patients treated with cyclophosphamide alone. Urinary 5HIAA excretion proved to be a useful biologic marker in these patients that correlated well with the observed measurements of tumor bulk. Median survival times from the diagnosis of unresectable malignant disease related to sites of origin of carcinoid tumor were the following: small bowel, 28.4 months; pancreas, 24.0 months; lung, 15.1 months; and unknown origin, 9.0 months. Metastatic carcinoid tumor is a malignant disease susceptible to chemotherapeutic approaches and continued investigation of the therapy of these neoplasms should be strongly encouraged.
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PMID:Combination chemotherapy trials in metastatic carcinoid tumor and the malignant carcinoid syndrome. 9 82

Sixteen patients with advanced head and neck carcinomas were treated with cis-diaminedichloro platinum chemotherapy; seven preoperatively and nine for recurrent disease. Cis-platinum was given by 24-hour infusions of 80 mg/m2 every three weeks. There was 50% regression in 38% (6) of the patients; another 38% (6) had 25% to 50% regression. Toxicity was minimal, with vomiting occurring in 75% (12) of the courses, renal toxicity in 6% (2), leukopenia in 13% (4), thrombocytopenia in 9% (3), and anemia in 31% (10). Of the seven patients who had serial audiograms, only one experienced ototoxicity. Cis-platinum, given by 24-hour infusion, was effective in reducing tumor bulk in 75% (12) of the patients, with advanced head and neck carcinomas, without undue morbidity.
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PMID:Cis-platinum chemotherapy in head and neck cancers. 11 48

The toxicity of cefaclor, a new orally-administered cephalosporin, was evaluated in laboratory animals given single or multiple doses of the antibiotic. The acute toxicity data for cefaclor in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys were comparable to that previously reported for cephalexin. Rats were maintained on dietary mixtures of cefaclor which provided average daily doses of approximately 230 to 950 mg/kg for 28 days in subacute toxicity tests, and 160 to 675 mg/kg for 1 year in chronic toxicity tests. Treatment-related effects in the above studies were limited to soft stool excretion and caecal dilatation in the subacute test. Effects in dogs given daily oral doses of 50 to 200 mg/kg for 30 days were limited to a transient moderate fall in haemoglobin concentration in the two males at the highest dose. Soft stool excretion and occasional episodes of emesis were observed in dogs given cefaclor for 1 year at oral doses of 100 to 400 mg/kg/day. A reversible thrombocytopenia occurred in one animal at the highest dose. Analysis of various tissue fluids taken 2 hours after the last dose revealed that the concentration of cefaclor in the synovial fluid was approximatley one-half of that in serum. The results of these studies indicate that cefaclor has a low toxic potential in the species tested.
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PMID:An evaluation of the toxicity of cefaclor in laboratory animals. 12 54

In a prospectively randomized study, 17 evaluable patients treated with adriamycin alone, 60 mg/m2 intravenously every 3 wk, were compared with 14 patients treated with adriamycin in the same dose and schedule plus streptozotocin. 500 mg/m2/day intravenously for 5 days every 3 wk. All patients had advanced sarcomas, but none had previously received either adriamycin or streptozotocin. Objective responses were seen in 9 patients on the single drug arm (4 with more than 50% tumor shrinkage and 5 with stabilization of disease), and in 8 patients given the combination drug arm (2 with more than 50% tumor shrinkage and 6 with stabilization of disease). Duration of response and survival from treatment for both treatment groups were similar. Transient hepatic dysfunction, renal function abnormalities, and nausea with vomiting were additive in the combination drug arm, the last two limiting therapy most. Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mucositis appeared to be synergistically increased in patients receiving both adriamycin and streptozotocin. Patients with abnormal pretreatment renal function were able to tolerate the combination therapy without undue incidence of severity of renal toxicity. Patients who developed transient streptozotocin-related renal dysfunction were able to tolerate further doses of streptozotocin after their renal parameters normalized. Adriamycin in combination with streptozotocin did not offer any therapeutic advantage over adriamycin alone.
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PMID:Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and streptozotocin. I. Clinical results in patients with advanced sarcoma. 13 66

5-(3,3-Dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (NSC-45388) was administered to 46 children with various solid tumors which were resistant to conventional therapy. Two or more courses of NSC-45388 were administered to 13 of 18 children with neuroblastoma, seven of 11 children with rhabdomyosarcoma, three of four children with Wilms' tumor, one of three children with Ewing's tumor, and six of ten children with miscellaneous neoplastic disorders. Major toxic effects included nausea, vomiting, decreased hemoglobin level, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. A therapeutic regimen of 200-450 mg/m2/day for 5 consecutive days can be administered safely every 22 days. Objective responses were observed in three children with neuroblastoma and in one child with rhabdomyosarcoma. This drug has minimal but definite activity as a single agent in children with advanced neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma and should be evaluated further in combination therapy.
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PMID:5-(3,3-Dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (NSC-45388) in the treatment of solid tumors in children. 16 36

Eight sailors on board the Asiafreighter were exposed to arsine that had escaped from a cylinder in the cargo hold. Four suffered severe toxicity and within a few hours had developed fever, weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and haemoglobinuria. These patients had pronounced intravascular haemolysis, which in one patient was complete. This patient was also stuporose and anoxic, a condition attributed to failure of oxygen transport and sludging of red cell debris in the cerebral and pulmonary circulations, but he regained a normal level of consciousness after exchange transfusion. Evidence of marrow depression was present: the reticulocyte response to the haemolysis was poor and there was a thrombocytopenia. All four patients developed renal failure, one being totally anuric for five weeks. Two patients developed peripheral neuropathy, and one was still severely disabled six months after the incident. The other four patients had a similar, though less severe, illness.
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PMID:Arsine toxicity aboard the Asiafreighter. 16 42

Twenty previously untreated patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with cyclophosphamide, 400 mg/m2 and Adriamycin, 40 mg/m2 IV on day 1, followed by cytosine arabinoside, 20 mg/m2, every 12 hours subcutaneously on days 5--9; this regimen was repeated every 28 days. On days 14--28 of the first cycle, each patient received 3,000 rads to the primary tumor and whole brain. Following eleven courses, Adriamycin was discontinued and patients received cyclophosphamide, 800 mg/m2 IV on day 1 and methotrexate, 15 mg/m2 IV on days 5--7. This regimen was repeated every 28 days. Toxicity included nausea, vomiting, alopecia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and esophagitis. Overall response rate was 65%. Media survival in limited disease was 14.5 months, and in extended disease it was 4.5 months. This combination is active in localized small cell carcinoma but provides no superiority over other regimens.
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PMID:Combination radiotherapy and chemotherapy for small cell carcinoma of the lung. 23 39

Eighteen evaluable children who relapsed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were treated with intermittent, high-dose actinomycin D. Objective responses occurred in four of 11 children who had relapsed with chemotherapy which did not contain an anthracycline. The major toxic effects included thrombocytopenia and granulocytopenia. Minor toxic effects included nausea, vomiting, skin rash, and stomatitis. The onset of the maculopapular skin rash coincided with the platelet count nadir. These data suggested that actinomycin D is active in ALL.
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PMID:Actinomycin D in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. 27 97


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