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 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thailand is an endemic area for rabies, with approximately 300 human deaths reported annually. More than half of the rabies patients are children under 14 years of age. This paper reports clinical data of paediatric rabies cases occurring from 1980 to 1986, and the protective efficacies of human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) and purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) in children exposed to rabid animals. The analysis of 120 medical records revealed that rabies in children had incubation periods which ranged from less than fifteen days to more than three months, but generally between one to three months. The most frequent symptoms observed in the patients were hydrophobia, restlessness, fever, vomiting and aerophobia. Most of the rabid children admitted to hospital died within 24 hours. HDCV was administered to 50 children exposed to rabies with the cumulative dosages of 327 ml. All patients survived without serious adverse effects during a-two year follow-up. Mild reactions were seen in 1.5 percent (5/327 doses). Unfortunately, levels of rabies antibody in these vaccinees were not determined. Among another series of children exposed to rabid animals, comprising 27 individuals who received a total of 168 doses of PVRV, only mild local reactions were seen in 6 subjects. No rabies deaths were reported in 2 years of follow-up. The children who received PVRV either with or without human rabies immune globulin developed similar levels of rabies neutralizing (NT) antibody, which reached the high titers on day 30. At one year after the first dose of vaccination, all vaccinees still had NT antibody at titers higher than 0.5 IU/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Rabies and post-exposure prophylaxis in Thai children. 275 69

Allergic reactions after vaccination are considered as an important practical problem in dogs; however, their immunological mechanism has not been well understood. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between IgE reactivity to the vaccines and immediate-type allergic reactions after vaccination in dogs. Sera from 10 dogs that developed immediate-type allergic reactions such as circulatory collapse, cyanosis, dyspnea, facial edema, and vomiting within 1h after vaccination with non-rabies monovalent or combined vaccines and sera from 50 dogs that did not develop allergic reactions after vaccination were collected. Serum IgE reactivity to the injected vaccines was measured by fluorometric ELISA using a mouse monoclonal anti-dog IgE antibody. Then, IgE reactivity to fetal calf serum (FCS) and stabilizer proteins (gelatin, casein, and peptone) included in the vaccines was measured in sera that had high levels of IgE to the vaccines. Levels of serum specific IgE to the vaccines in dogs with immediate-type allergic reactions (59-4173 fluorescence units [FU], mean +/- S.D.: 992.5 +/- 1181.9 FU) were significantly higher than those in control dogs (38-192 FU, 92.4 +/- 43.3 FU) (P < 0.001). Of the eight dogs that developed immediate-type allergic reactions and had high levels of serum specific IgE to the vaccines, seven had specific IgE directed to FCS. The IgE reactivity to the vaccines in sera from these dogs was almost completely inhibited by FCS. The other one dog had serum IgE directed to gelatin and casein included in the vaccine as stabilizers. The results obtained in this study suggest that immediate-type allergic reactions after vaccination in dogs were induced by type I hypersensitivity mediated by IgE directed to vaccine components. In addition, FCS, gelatin, and casein included in vaccines could be the causative allergens that induced immediate-type allergic reactions after vaccination in dogs.
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PMID:IgE reactivity to vaccine components in dogs that developed immediate-type allergic reactions after vaccination. 1573 45

A retrospective study was conducted in nine patients with rabies admitted to a hospital of Fortaleza, Brazil. Autopsy was performed in all cases. The ages ranged from three to 81 years and six were males. They all were bitten by dogs. The time between the accident and the hospital admission ranged from 20 to 120 days (mean 45 +/- 34 days). The time until death ranged from one to nine days (mean 3.3 +/- 5.5 days). The signs and symptoms presented were fever, hydrophobia, aerophobia, agitation, disorientation, dyspnea, sialorrhea, vomiting, oliguria, sore throat, pain and hypoesthesia in the site of the bite, headache, syncope, cough, hematemesis, mydriasis, hematuria, constipation, cervical pain and priapism. In three out of six patients, there was evidence of acute renal failure, defined as serum creatinine > or = 1.4 mg/dL. The post-mortem findings in the kidneys were mild to moderate glomerular congestion and mild to intense peritubular capillary congestion. Acute tubular necrosis was seen in only two cases. This study shows some evidence of renal involvement in rabies. Histopathologic findings are nonspecific, so hemodynamic instability, caused by autonomic dysfunction, hydrophobia and dehydration must be responsible for acute renal failure in rabies.
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PMID:Renal involvement in human rabies: clinical manifestations and autopsy findings of nine cases from northeast of Brazil. 1655 20

The recent unfortunate rabies transmissions through solid organ transplants of an infected donor in Germany required the initiation of a vaccination program to protect health care workers (HCWs) with close contact to rabies-infected patients. A systematic follow-up of adverse effects was initiated. Rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) was started in 269 HCWs at four German hospitals. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreEP) was administered to 74 HCWs caring for an already diagnosed rabies patient. At each vaccination date, HCWs were interviewed for symptoms possibly representing adverse effects. Adverse effects of PEP and PrePEP were compared. Out of 269 HCWs, 216 were included for the investigation of adverse effects. Of these 216 HCWs, 114 (53%) individuals developed at least one systemic adverse effect. Incidences of tiredness (30.6%), malaise (26.4%), headache (26.9%), dizziness (14.8%), and chills (13.0%) declined in the course of PEP (p < 0.05), whereas incidences of fever (7.4%), paraesthesias (7.9%), arthralgias (1.9%), myalgias (4.2%), nausea (9.3%), diarrheas (2.8%) and vomiting (1.4%) did not. In 11 (5.1%) HCWs PEP was discontinued mostly due to adverse reactions (four suffered strong headaches, two HCWs meningeal irritations, two chills, one paraesthesia, one malaise, and one a rush). Systemic effects of PEP or PreEP did not differ significantly. Despite relatively high incidences of moderate severe adverse reactions rabies PEP is safe. Strong headache, tiredness, dizziness, and paraesthesias are the most important postvaccinal symptoms. Vaccinees suffering from adverse effects of PEP must be strongly encouraged to complete PEP, as it is to date the only protection against fatal rabies.
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PMID:Adverse effects of rabies pre- and postexposure prophylaxis in 290 health-care-workers exposed to a rabies infected organ donor or transplant recipients. 1764 9

A 12-year-old boy presented with fever and sore throat of 6 days duration followed by vomiting and altered sensorium. He had received 4 doses of antirabies vaccine following a dog bite 4 weeks back. Rabies immunoglobulin was not given. History of hydrophobia and aerophobia were strikingly absent. The possibilities of rabies encephalitis and vaccine induced acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) were considered. MRI brain showed exclusive grey matter changes characteristic of rabies. The diagnosis was further confirmed by serological tests.
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PMID:Rabies encephalitis. 1792 63

During breathing, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract out of phase. However, during other behaviors (including vomiting, postural adjustments, and locomotion) simultaneous contractions are required of the diaphragm and other muscle groups including abdominal muscles. Recent studies in cats using transneuronal tracing techniques showed that in addition to neurons in the respiratory groups, cells in the inferior and lateral vestibular nuclei (VN) and medial pontomedullary reticular formation (MRF) influence diaphragm activity. The goal of the present study was to determine whether neurons in these regions have collateralized projections to both diaphragm motoneurons and the lumbar spinal cord. For this purpose, the transneuronal tracer rabies virus was injected into the diaphragm, and the monosynaptic retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) was injected into the Th13-L1 spinal segments. A large fraction of MRF and VN neurons (median of 72 and 91%, respectively) that were infected by rabies virus were dual-labeled by FG. These data show that many MRF and VN neurons that influence diaphragm activity also have a projection to the lumbar spinal cord and thus likely are involved in coordinating behaviors that require synchronized contractions of the diaphragm and other muscle groups.
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PMID:Mapping of neural pathways that influence diaphragm activity and project to the lumbar spinal cord in cats. 2018 99

On August 19, 2011, a male U.S. Army soldier with progressive right arm and shoulder pain, nausea, vomiting, ataxia, anxiety, and dysphagia was admitted to an emergency department (ED) in New York for suspected rabies. Rabies virus antigens were detected in a nuchal skin biopsy, rabies virus antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and rabies viral RNA in saliva and CSF specimens by state and CDC rabies laboratories. An Afghanistan canine rabies virus variant was identified. The patient underwent an experimental treatment protocol but died on August 31. The patient had described a dog bite while in Afghanistan. However, he had not received effective rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). In total, 29 close contacts and health-care personnel (HCP) received PEP after contact with the patient. This case highlights the continued risks for rabies virus exposure during travel or deployment to rabies-enzootic countries, the need for global canine rabies elimination through vaccination, and the importance of following effective PEP protocols and ensuring global PEP availability.
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PMID:Imported human rabies in a U.S. Army soldier - New York, 2011. 2255 6

Ciclosporin (Atopica oral solution for cats 100 mg/ml; Novartis Animal Health) was recently approved for use in cats with feline hypersensitivity dermatitis. The immunosuppressant effect of ciclosporin on the ability of cats to mount an immune response following vaccination was determined. Thirty-two healthy, immunocompetent adult cats (16 cats/group) were treated with either ciclosporin for 56 days at a dose of 24 mg/kg once daily or sham dosed. Prior to treatment, cats had an adequate antibody response to primary vaccination against feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and rabies. Booster vaccination or novel vaccination with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was administered 28 days after initiation of treatment with ciclosporin. There were no differences between the ciclosporin-treated and control cats for FCV and FPV antibody titers following booster vaccination. There were delays/reductions in antibody response to FHV-1, FeLV and rabies in treated cats; however, adequate protection was achieved in response to all booster vaccinations. Following primary vaccination with FIV, control cats showed a response, but treated cats showed no antibody production. Adverse events commonly associated with ciclosporin treatment, including diarrhea/loose stool, vomiting, salivation and regurgitation, were reported. In adult cats treated with 24 mg/kg/day of ciclosporin (more than three times the therapeutic dose), vaccine titer levels were adequate for protection following booster vaccination. In contrast, treated cats failed to mount a humoral response to a novel (FIV) vaccination, suggesting that memory B-cell immune responses remain intact during repeated high-dose ciclosporin administration in cats, but that primary immune responses are impaired.
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PMID:Effect of high-dose ciclosporin on the immune response to primary and booster vaccination in immunocompetent cats. 2482 Sep 98

This study described the rate of vaccine reactions in a population of dogs receiving vaccines after diagnosis of primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). A secondary objective was to describe the time elapsed between vaccination and initial diagnosis of IMHA. A medical record search identified cases meeting criteria for primary IMHA. Owners and referring veterinarians were surveyed regarding vaccination of the dog following diagnosis. Referring veterinarians were surveyed regarding vaccination prior to diagnosis of IMHA. A completed survey was returned in 44 cases. Twenty-two dogs received vaccinations after diagnosis, and 22 dogs did not. The median time elapsed between vaccination and initial diagnosis was 280 days. No dog was vaccinated within 30 days of diagnosis. Two of the following possible reactions were noted out of 22 dogs vaccinated: vomiting and urticarial eruption in a dog administered a rabies and canine distemper vaccine, and recurrent anemia in a dog administered a rabies vaccine. The rate of vaccine reactions was higher than previously reported, although the time period evaluated was longer than in previous studies. The relationship between initial vaccination and development of IMHA, and between vaccination and vaccine reaction, in this population is uncertain and may reflect coincidence or differences in susceptibility.
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PMID:Vaccination and Associated Adverse Events in Dogs Previously Treated for Primary Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia. 3042 12