Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The literature describing nondyskinetic antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms is reviewed. The withdrawal of antipsychotic agents can result in nausea, emesis, anorexia, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, myalgias, paresthesias, anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. Psychotic relapse is often presaged by increased anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. However, the temporal relationship of these prodromal symptoms to reduction in the dosage or discontinuation of neuroleptics distinguishes them from the effects of abrupt withdrawal.
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PMID:Antipsychotic withdrawal phenomena in the medical-surgical setting. 290 18

Terguride is an ergoline derivative with mixed agonistic/antagonistic dopaminergic activity. This led to a paradoxical suggestion that it is effective in the treatment of both schizophrenia and parkinsonism. A total of 65 in- or outpatients with parkinsonism mostly of vascular or idiopathic etiology were included in a 4-week, open, multicenter trial. Terguride was administered under an increasing dose schedule which was leveled off according to the clinical response. Mostly because of nausea, vomiting, and lack of improvement 25% of inpatients and 61% of outpatients were removed from the study. The average daily dose at the end of the trial was 4.2 mg, ranging from 1.0 to 5.5 mg. The average Simpson and Angus scale total score and performance in the Spiral Drawing Task improved significantly during the trial by 20% and 38% respectively. The following adverse effects were noted most frequently throughout the study (including those who withdrew): constipation (occurred in 42% of all ratings performed during the trial) drowsiness and nausea (16% each). Adverse circulatory effects were negligible. Psychotic symptoms, including depression, confusion, hallucinations, and paranoid syndrome, each occurred in 1 patient, i.e., at a lower rate than with other dopaminergic drugs. Scotopic electroretinograms in a subsample of 7 patients showed a significant transitory decrease in the B-wave amplitude at the end of the 1st week and a subsequent return to pretreatment values.
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PMID:Terguride in parkinsonism. A multicenter trial. 304 1

A 40-year-old woman with a history of alcohol abuse, drug-related suicide attempts, and depression presented with a flu-like illness, vomiting, and changes in mentation. On admission, therapeutic blood levels of salicylates, trazadone, and acetaminophen were found. A tentative diagnosis of a psychotic crisis with possible superimposed drug overdose was made. The etiology of the patient's acute encephalopathy remained unclear until a plasma ammonia and liver biopsy established the diagnosis of Reye's syndrome. The patient was given supportive therapy and recovered completely.
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PMID:Adult Reye's syndrome. 327 49

The toxicities of antimalarial drugs vary because of the differences in the chemical structures of these compounds. Quinine, the oldest antimalarial, has been used for 300 years. Of the 200 to 300 compounds synthesised since the first synthetic antimalarial, primaquine in 1926, 15 to 20 are currently used for malaria treatment, most of which are quinoline derivatives. Quinoline derivatives, particularly quinine and chloroquine, are highly toxic in overdose. The toxic effects are related to their quinidine-like actions on the heart and include circulatory arrest, cardiogenic shock, conduction disturbances and ventricular arrhythmias. Additional clinical features are obnubilation, coma, convulsions, respiratory depression. Blindness is a frequent complication in quinine overdose. Hypokalaemia is consistently present, although apparently self-correcting, in severe chloroquine poisoning and is a good index of severity. Recent toxicokinetic studies of quinine and chloroquine showed good correlations between dose ingested, serum concentrations and clinical features, and confirmed the inefficacy of haemodialysis, haemoperfusion and peritoneal dialysis for enhancing drug removal. The other quinoline derivatives appear to be less toxic. Amodiaquine may induce side effects such as gastrointestinal symptoms, agranulocytosis and hepatitis. The main feature of primaquine overdose is methaemoglobinaemia. No cases of mefloquine and piperaquine overdose have been reported. Overdose with quinacrine, an acridine derivative, may result in nausea, vomiting, confusion, convulsion and acute psychosis. The dehydrofolate reductase inhibitors used in malaria treatment are sulfadoxine, dapsone, proguanil (chloroguanide), trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. Most of these drugs are given in combination. Proguanil is one of the safest antimalarials. Convulsion, coma and blindness have been reported in pyrimethamine overdose. Sulfadoxine can induce Lyell and Stevens-Johnson syndromes. The main feature of dapsone poisoning is severe methaemoglobinaemia which is related to dapsone and to its metabolites. Recent toxicokinetic studies confirmed the efficacy of oral activated charcoal, haemodialysis and haemoperfusion in enhancing removal of dapsone and its metabolites. No overdose has been reported with artemesinine, a new antimalarial tested in the People's Republic of China. The general management of antimalarial overdose include gastric lavage and symptomatic treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Clinical features and management of poisoning due to antimalarial drugs. 330 66

Palinacousis (auditory perseveration) is a rarely reported symptom of temporal lobe dysfunction. We describe a new case. A 50-year-old woman presented with nausea, vomiting, and global dysphasia, followed by two generalized seizures. Examination was otherwise normal, and computed tomography showed a small area of enhancement near the left sylvian fissure; there was a left temporal focus on the electroencephalogram. Treatment with phenytoin was instituted, and speech improved, with residual fluent dysphasia. Three days postictally, the patient complained of "echoing voices" in her right ear. Words or fragments of sentences recently uttered by the patient or others were perceived to recur unaltered for minutes to hours. Sounds other than speech were also affected. One week later the voices had disappeared, but a ticking sound was present; this also faded subsequently. The palinacousis never recurred; the patient was later found to have a Grade IV astrocytoma of the left temporal lobe, which caused her demise 8 months later. The features of this case are similar to those previously reported and favor an epileptic etiology. Palinacousis should be recognized as a sign of organic temporal lobe disease and not confused with manifestations of psychotic illness.
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PMID:Palinacousis: a case report. 341 74

Having noticed psychotic traits in some patients showing incoercible vomiting due to antineoplastic drugs we have thought of establishing a therapy with lithium in the days preceding the therapeutic cycle in order to reduce the emetic events. The effectiveness of lithium carbonate (600 mg/mq p.o./day for one week) in the prevention or reduction of vomiting induced by antiblastic therapy has been checked in comparison with metoclopramide and domperidone in 40 patients. In the group pretreated with lithium, 80% of the cases showed favorable results. In the control groups, on the contrary, the efficacy of the antiemetic therapy has shown to be of lesser importance (55%). The undesirable side-effects of lithium appear to be irrelevant. We therefore think that pretreatment with lithium may become, in selected cases not affected by traditional antiemetics, of great importance in the control of emetic symptomatology.
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PMID:Sequential therapy with lithium in chemotherapy-induced vomiting. 408 94

A 36 year old psychotic man receiving treatment with slow-release pipotiazine and trihexyphenidyl developed nine days after addition of droperidol signs suggestive of a malignant neuroleptic syndrome: altered general condition, diffuse hypertonia, akinesia, fever and vomiting. Results of biologic tests and a muscle biopsy were suggestive of a severe rhabdomyolysis. Cessation of neuroleptic therapy and the administrative of nifedipine brought a gradual return return to normal conditions, and progressively increasing doses of neuroleptic could be given without complications 12 days later. Onset of hyperthermia during neuroleptic treatment raises two questions: 1) is the etiology related to a malignant neuroleptic syndrome or acute catatonia, or a heat stroke? 2) to what extent are neuroleptics responsible for these disorders?
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PMID:[Hyperthermia with acute rhabdomyolysis in a psychotic treated with neuroleptics]. 613 69

Cerebral cysticercosis was studied in 131 children. The patients were divided into two groups, confirmed and probable cysticercosis. The clinical picture may be divided into two stages: initial stage of acute invasion and chronic encephalitic stage. Symptoms in the initial stage are headache, vomiting, fever, myalgia, abdominal pain, seizures and psychotic reactions. In the initial stage only cerebral edema can be seen in the computed tomography (CT) scan. In the chronic stage, variability of symptomatology is great, and it is in this phase that cysticerci can be seen in the CT scan. Only 66 out of the 131 patients studied had CT performed. The computed tomographic sequence of parenchymatous brain cysticercosis is described. A feature not previously reported was the presence of transient arterial hypertension due to cerebral cysticercosis found in four cases.
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PMID:Clinical manifestations and sequential computed tomography scans of cerebral cysticercosis in childhood. 661 86

Sinemet (a combination of levodopa with carbidopa, a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor) has replaced levodopa for early treatment of parkinsonism. The blocking of the systemic uptake of dopamine has eliminated the previous complications of nausea, vomiting, and cardiac and respiratory arrhythmias; pyridoxine need not now be avoided. However, the earlier appearance of abnormal involuntary movements, hallucinations, occasional psychosis, and a dopa-resistant state limits treatment efficacy. In all-over experience the combination drug offers the best relief for rigidity and akinesia. It has improved the quality of life and reduced mortality by one half. The greatest benefits appear in the first 3 years; then complications set in. The relation of complications to dosage is now better understood, and the ratio of dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor to levodopa inhibitor to levodopa of 1:4 is better than the previous 1:10. Levodopa with or without dopa decarboxylase is not a cure for parkinsonism. Some agonist drugs (bromocryptine, lisuride) are showing promise in the testing stage. The evolving knowledge about neurotransmitters and peptide messengers offers hope for the growing number of patients with parkinsonism.
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PMID:Sinemet and the treatment of Parkinsonism. 701 95

Recent epidemiologic studies (11) have shown a frequency of 3-5% of hyponatremia in chronic psychiatric patients, characterized by headaches, blurry vision, weakness, cramps, vomiting and sometimes seizures or coma leading to death. The etiopathology of this electrolytic syndrome is still debated and intriguing. Six to 17% of hospitalized patients in psychiatry present primary polydipsia, among which 25-50% develop hyponatremia. Another cause is the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone, SIADH, which may be due to a number of psychotropic drugs as carbamazepine, thioridazine, amitriptyline, desipramine, haloperidol, chlorpromazine and fluoxetine (1, 2, 7, 9, 15, 18, 24). These medications can be associated with primary polydipsia but not necessarily, and the hyponatremia is reversible after discontinuiting the treatment. We describe a case of hyponatremia possibly related to clomipramine which has been rarely reported in the literature and discuss the relations between hyponatremia, psychosis, and SIADH.
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PMID:[Hyponatremia of therapeutic origin. Apropos of a case]. 782 16


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