Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study aimed to dissect the mechanisms involved in malaise induced by the anti-cancer drug cisplatin by attempting to uncouple its effects on locomotor activity, arguably at least partly indicative of fatigue, from those effects indicative of emesis (pica, gastric stasis, reduced food intake) using pharmacological agents in the rat. Over 2 days cisplatin (6 mg/kg i.p.) reduced food intake, stimulated kaolin consumption, increased the wet weight of gastric contents and reduced locomotor activity. In animals treated with cisplatin: the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron (1 mg/kg s.c. bd.) had no effect on either activity or weight of gastric contents but did increase food intake on day 1 (P<0.05) and the total over both days (27.6+/-1.8 vs. 19.9+/-2.3g, P<0.05), reducing kaolin consumption on day 2 (P<0.01) but not the total over both days; the NK1 receptor antagonist GR205171 (1 mg/kg s.c. bd.) was without effect on activity, but reduced the wet weight of gastric contents (P<0.05), increased food intake on day 2 (P<0.01) and total consumption over both days (28.1+/-1.7 g vs. 19.9+/-2.3 g; P<0.05) and reduced kaolin consumption on day 2 (P<0.05) but not over both days; dexamethasone (2 mg/kg s.c. bd.) blocked the cisplatin-induced reduction in activity on days 1 and 2 (P<0.01), reduced the wet weight of gastric contents by 43% (P<0.01), reduced kaolin consumption on both days (P<0.01) and arguably decreased the reduction in food intake caused by cisplatin. This study has revealed novel insights into the different spectra of activities of 5-HT3 and NK1 receptor antagonists and dexamethasone, which have implications for therapeutic strategies to alleviate the emetic, anorectic, dyspeptic and activity-reducing effects of anti-cancer chemotherapy.
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PMID:Differential effects of dexamethasone, ondansetron and a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist (GR205171) on cisplatin-induced changes in behaviour, food intake, pica and gastric function in rats. 1714 Dec 13

Umbilical hernias occur frequently in children but complications are rarely reported. This study assessed the incidence of complicated umbilical hernias in our patients, evaluated data for risk factors and reviewed our management in the light of these findings. We conducted a prospective study of all children needing umbilical hernia repair for complications over a period of 15 years. Patients with para-umbilical and other ventral wall hernias were excluded. In total, 389 children had umbilical hernias repaired during this period (average age 6 years); 28 (7%) of these had complicated hernias. Symptoms included umbilical pain (100%), vomiting (71%) and constipation (28%). The average age of the complicated group was 3 years. All cases had a painful irreducible umbilical mass. Eleven of the 19 children who had an abdominal radiograph showed radiological evidence of small-bowel obstruction and in 5 children there was radiological evidence of pica. Two patients had ischaemic omentum that required resection. Patients who present with localised abdominal pain or an irreducible umbilical mass should be operated on promptly.
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PMID:Complicated umbilical hernia in childhood. 1733 Jun 29

Anorexia, nausea/emesis and peripheral sensorial neuropathy are frequent adverse effects associated with chemotherapy. Cannabinoids have been proposed to alleviate these effects, but their preventive properties in long-term experimental models have not been tested. This study was conducted to determine whether or not a cannabinoid agonist (WIN-55,212-2) can prevent anorexia, pica (an indirect marker of nausea in non-vomiting species, consisting of the ingestion of non-nutritive substances such as kaolin) and mechanical allodynia (a marker of peripheral neuropathy) induced by the antineoplastic drug cisplatin chronically administered. Isolated rats with free access to food and kaolin received either saline, cannabinoid vehicle, WIN-55,212-2 (1-2 mg kg(-1)), cisplatin (1-2 mg kg(-1)), or both drugs once per week for five consecutive weeks. Modifications in temperature, body weight gain, food and kaolin intake, and the threshold for mechanical allodynia were recorded. Additionally, the acute psychoactive effects of the cannabinoid (hypomotility, hypothermia, analgesia and catalepsia) were assayed by means of the cannabinoid tetrad. WIN 55,212-2 prevented the development of mechanical allodynia but not anorexia, pica and reduction in weight gain induced by chronic cisplatin. The effect of WIN 55,212-2 was evident even at a dose lacking activity in the cannabinoid tetrad. The preventive effect on cisplatin-induced mechanical allodynia exerted by the cannabinoid could be due to a neuroprotective role, as has been suggested for other conditions. The present results support the interest in the evaluation of cannabinoids for treatment of patients suffering or likely to suffer neuropathic pain.
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PMID:WIN 55,212-2 prevents mechanical allodynia but not alterations in feeding behaviour induced by chronic cisplatin in the rat. 1767 60

Anticancer agents, such as cisplatin, induce vomiting, nausea, and anorexia. Cisplatin primarily acts on vagal afferents to produce emesis, but little is known about how this drug generates nausea and anorexia. Electrophysiology indicates that cisplatin activates vagal afferents of the common hepatic branch (CHB). Rats lack an emetic response but do ingest kaolin clay (a pica response) when made sick by toxins, and this behavior can be inhibited by antiemetic drugs. It has been postulated that pica may serve as a proxy for emesis in the rat. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of CHB or ventral gastric (Gas) or celiac (Cel) branch vagotomies on pica and anorexia produced by cisplatin in the rat. The effects of apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, which induces emesis via a central mechanism, were also assessed. Cisplatin-induced pica was suppressed by CHB vagotomy (a 61% reduction) but not by Gas and Cel vagotomy. Suppression of daily food intake and body weight following cisplatin treatment was also blunted by CHB ablation but not by Gas or Cel vagotomy. No vagotomy condition exhibited altered apomorphine-induced pica. The results indicate that the CHB, which innervates primarily the duodenum, plays an important role in cisplatin-induced malaise. These data suggest that pica has sensory pathways similar to emetic systems, since a vagotomy condition inhibited cisplatin-induced pica but had no effect on apomorphine-induced pica. This investigation contributes to the delineation of the physiology of pica and neural systems involved in malaise in the nonvomiting rat.
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PMID:Chemotherapy-induced pica and anorexia are reduced by common hepatic branch vagotomy in the rat. 1818 57

This article demonstrates a previously unreported late occurring complication of fundoplication that leads to vomiting. A patient with cerebral palsy had the placement of a transesophageal suture, which, after ingestion of his family dogs' hair over time, created a significant-sized esophageal trichbezoar formed and caught around the suture. Upon removal of the bezoar via upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, the patient experienced immediate relief of his symptoms. This case should be considered in the appropriate clinical setting where the patient has demonstrated pica. An evaluation with contrast upper gastrointestinal studies proved to be critical in this case of postfundoplication vomiting.
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PMID:An unusual cause of postfundoplication vomiting. 1835 74

Vertebrobazilar aneurysms make about 15% of all intracranial aneurysms, from which one fifth belongs to aneurysms a posterior inferior cerebelli (PICA). Majority of PICA aneurysms is located in the place of separation from a.vertebralis. Aneurysms of distal part of PICA are very rare, according to literature they make 0.5 to 3% of all aneurysms. 70 years old man came to neurologist because sudden headache, pain in the neck and a feeling of stiffness followed by throwing up in stream. On the occasion of medical check up attack of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorhage was suspected. Clinical gradus according to H&H III, initial CT of endocranium showed existence of smaller intracerebellar hematoma next to lateral wall of IV ventricle and trace of blood in the very ventricle without signs of acute hydrocephalus. The seventh day after the hemorrhage angio CT was done and it showed existence of aneurysm on distal part of PICA, more specially in the televelotonzilar segment on the right. After the diagnostics supplemented with standard digital substractional angiography which confirmed nature and localization of the lesion. In the postponed procedure, and in conformity with strategy of surgical timing of aneurysms in the back circulation, patient was operated three weeks after the attack of hemorrhage. Disregarding low incidence of existence of aneurysms of distal circulation (under 1% of all in the back circulation) high level of suspicion should be present and angio CT should be done as screening method, if CT shows hemorrhage which according to localization responses to possible aneurysm.
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PMID:Distal posterior cerebellar artery aneurysm: case report. 1879 80

Anticancer agents such as cisplatin stimulate nausea, vomiting, and behaviors indicative of malaise. Rats and mice, and probably all rodents, do not possess a vomiting response, and their ingestion of kaolin clay (a pica response) has been used as an index of malaise. Similar to the action of cisplatin on emesis in vomiting species, in the rat cisplatin activates vagal afferent fibers, and cisplatin-induced kaolin intake is largely dependent on an intact abdominal vagus. Cisplatin also stimulates Fos expression in the rat brain in areas known to play a role in emesis in other species, but it is not known whether vagal input is required for this CNS activation. In the present study, rats were given abdominal vagotomy or sham operation to test the role of an intact vagus on cisplatin-induced Fos expression 6 h after injection with saline or cisplatin (6 mg/kg, ip). Cisplatin treatment produced Fos expression in the area postrema and multiple levels of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of sham-operated rats. Vagotomy reduced cisplatin-induced Fos expression in the caudal and middle levels of the NTS and central amygdala. Furthermore, cisplatin did not significantly alter Fos expression in the spinal cord (T8-T10) before or after vagotomy. These results suggest that a defined portion of cisplatin-induced Fos expression is dependent on vagal input, with a majority of this response determined by either direct action of cisplatin or humoral factors on the CNS.
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PMID:Brain Fos expression induced by the chemotherapy agent cisplatin in the rat is partially dependent on an intact abdominal vagus. 1936 21

Food cravings, aversions and pica are common during pregnancy and may have a significant input on pregnancy progress and outcome. A study was carried out to determine the frequency and duration of pronounced dietary cravings, aversions and pica during pregnancy among 204 pregnant and lactating women attending two health facilities in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. Nausea and vomiting were reported by 82.8% of all women of which 43.2% experienced severe nausea alone, 9.5% severe vomiting alone and 35.5% experienced severe vomiting and nausea. Mild cases of each of the symptoms either occurring alone or both of them occurring together were also reported. Both behaviours were observed more in <3 months of pregnancy. The proportions of women with dietary cravings, aversions, and pica were 73.5%, 70.1% and 63.7% of all women respectively. More women (70.1%) experienced both food cravings and aversions than either symptom alone. Foods craved most were meat (23.3%), mangoes (22.7%), yoghurt (20.0%) oranges (20.0%), plantain (15.3%) and soft drinks (13.3%). Foods avoided most were rice (36.4%), meat (36.4%) and fish (30.8%). Eggs, beans, tea and stiff porridge were also avoided. Reasons given for avoiding foods were unpleasant smell/taste (10.3%), to reduce nausea (11.8%), no particular reason (58.3%) and dislike by foetus (belief) (3.9%). Pica was experienced by 63.7%% of the women and soil, ice and ash were the most commonly non-food substances eaten. The frequency of nausea and vomiting was highest in the early months of pregnancy and most women experienced the symptoms during morning hours. Craving in most women was more intense in the first trimesters. Most women craved for meat and sour and savoury foods, and avoided rice, meat and fish. Soil consumption was the pica observed in most women. Since aversions and cravings are closely linked to dietary intake of pregnant woman understanding these behaviours is important in addressing maternal nutrition.
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PMID:Food cravings, aversions and pica among pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 1944 2

Clinical utility of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents has, to date, been limited by adverse effects including nausea and emesis, making accurate assessment of emetic versus anti-inflammatory potencies critical to the development of inhibitors with improved therapeutic indices. In the present study we determined the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory potencies of the first-generation PDE4 inhibitor, rolipram, the second-generation inhibitors, roflumilast and cilomilast, and a novel third generation inhibitor, 1-ethyl-5-{5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}-N-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-4-amine (EPPA-1). The rank-order potency against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was roflumilast (IC(50) = 5 nM) > EPPA-1 (38) > rolipram (269) > cilomilast (389), and against LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophilia in the rat was EPPA-1 (D(50) = 0.042 mg/kg) > roflumilast (0.24) > rolipram (3.34) > cilomilast (4.54). Pica, the consumption of non-nutritive substances in response to gastrointestinal stress, was used as a surrogate measure for emesis, giving a rank-order potency of rolipram (D(50) = 0.495 mg/kg) > roflumilast (1.6) > cilomilast (6.4) > EPPA-1 (24.3). The low and high emetogenic activities of EPPA-1 and rolipram, respectively, detected in the pica model were confirmed in a second surrogate model of emesis, reversal of alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated anesthesia in the mouse. The rank order of therapeutic indices derived in the rat [(pica D(50))/(neutrophilia D(50))] was EPPA-1 (578) > roflumilast (6.4) > cilomilast (1.4) > rolipram (0.15), consistent with the rank order derived in the ferret [(emesis D(50))/(neutrophilia D(50))]. These data validate rat pica feeding as a surrogate for PDE4 inhibitor-induced emesis in higher species, and identify EPPA-1 as a novel PDE4 inhibitor with an improved therapeutic index.
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PMID:The identification of a novel phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, 1-ethyl-5-{5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}-N-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-4-amine (EPPA-1), with improved therapeutic index using pica feeding in rats as a measure of emetogenicity. 1949 3

Anticancer agents, such as cisplatin, stimulate nausea, vomiting, and behaviors indicative of malaise. Rats and mice do not possess a vomiting response, and, therefore, in these species, the ingestion of kaolin clay (a pica response) has been used as an index of malaise. In the rat, cisplatin-induced kaolin intake is inhibited by antiemetic treatments. In addition, cisplatin activates vagal afferent fibers in the gut, and kaolin intake induced by cisplatin is largely dependent on an intact vagus. Nevertheless, little is known about the brain pathways controlling pica. We investigated the role of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN), a major visceral afferent link between the hindbrain and forebrain, in cisplatin-induced c-Fos expression and pica. Injection of cisplatin (6 mg/kg ip) produced c-Fos expression in the ventrolateral (external) lPBN, a region receiving viscerosensory input. In rats with bilateral ibotenic acid lPBN lesions, cisplatin treatment substantially increased kaolin intake compared with controls ( approximately 30 g vs. approximately 5 g, respectively, over 24 h). Food intake was reduced by cisplatin treatment and by apomorphine, an emetic agent that acts centrally. Unlike cisplatin, however, apomorphine stimulated kaolin intake to a similar degree in both the lesioned and control rats, suggesting that lPBN damage neither produces nonspecific effects nor enhances malaise in general. These data suggest that lPBN-lesioned animals not only demonstrate pica after cisplatin treatment, but, in fact, show an exaggerated response that is greatly in excess of any treatment known to produce kaolin intake in rats.
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PMID:Chemotherapy-induced kaolin intake is increased by lesion of the lateral parabrachial nucleus of the rat. 1971 Mar 91


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