Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Necrotizing enterocolitis--a highly letal disease in the newborn period--is diagnosed in about 1--2% of the admissions to a nursery. The marcroscopic lesions are basically necroses predominantly found in the ileum, colon and jejunum. Untreated they lead to perforation, peritonitis and sepsis. The predisposing factors include such as perinatal complications, immaturity and umbilical vein catheterization; the main symptoms are bile stained vomiting and blood-streaked diarrhea, followed by signs of fulminant sepsis and peritonitis. The most typical roentgenographic findings are intramural air (pneumatosis intestinalis) and in more advanced cases pneumoperitoneum (free peritoneal air) and portal vein gas. The current plan of management--consisting of immediate withdrawal of oral feeds, gastric suction, intravenous fluid therapy, treatment of shock and administration of antibiotics--and the indication for operation are discussed. Perinatal stress and secondary bacterial invasion of the intestinal lesions seem to play an important role in the etiology of the disease. An early nutrition of the healthy immature with human breast milk seems to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis or at least has a mitigating influence on the later course of the disease. The mortality in our own series--as reported--was high (6 patients: 1 survivor, mortality: 83%) as 4 of the patients were admitted with gross symptoms of intestinal perforation and severely shocked.
 ...
PMID:[Necrotizing enterocolitis (pediatric review)]. 33 53

To define the expulsive and airway protective mechanisms involved in infantile regurgitation, we studied 15 infants (9 premature and 6 mature infants) with histories of frequent postfeeding regurgitation. In 13 infants we recorded pharyngeal pressure, pH, nasal and oral airflow, and abdominal respiratory movements. In two additional infants we recorded gastric pressure. In eight infants observations were made without intrapharyngeal recording devices. Distinctive abdominal regurgitation movements (RMs) immediately preceded 84% of regurgitation episodes. These RMs were characterized by one or more large brief increases in abdominal girth. In the two infants with gastric pressure recordings, large increases in gastric pressure, with duration and frequency characteristics similar to the RMs, immediately preceded regurgitation episodes. Thus, in contrast to the generally accepted concept that flow of gastric contents out of the stomach is passive during infantile regurgitation, we documented an active expulsive mechanism similar to that of vomiting in the adult. In all regurgitation episodes, upper airway closure occurred at the onset of the regurgitation movement. One or more swallows occurred immediately following RMs and prior to airway reopening in 97% of regurgitation episodes. Brief respiratory pauses occurred during regurgitation in all premature infants and occasionally in mature infants. Nasal regurgitation, coughing, and sneezing occasionally accompanied regurgitation episodes. Thus upper airway closure and swallowing prior to airway reopening were the most frequently observed airway protective mechanisms during regurgitation. Brief respiratory pauses, sneezing, and coughing may be secondary airway protective mechanisms. Nasal regurgitation likely represents immaturity of airway protective mechanisms.
 ...
PMID:Airway protective and abdominal expulsive mechanisms in infantile regurgitation. 405 62

Chronic renal failure was diagnosed in 6 young Standard Poodles from 2 related litters. Clinically, the disease was characterized by polydipsia, polyuria, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, and bony deformities suggestive of fibrous osteodystrophy. Laboratory evaluation revealed azotemia and hypercholesterolemia in all 6 dogs and nonregenerative anemia in 3 dogs. Two dogs had hyperphosphatemia and another 2 were hypercalcemic. Isosthenuria and proteinuria were found in both dogs for which urinalyses were available. The kidneys were characterized pathologically by interstitial fibrosis, variable interstitial infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells, tubular atrophy, tubular dilatation, tubular basement membrane mineralization, cystic glomerular atrophy, and immaturity of glomeruli, with inconspicuous capillary lumens.
 ...
PMID:Juvenile renal disease in related Standard Poodles. 662 80

Cow's milk protein sensitive enteropathy (CMPSE) is characterized by the following items: 1. The great majority of affected infants have not been breast fed or only for a few days. Additional risks are immaturity, preceding enteritis, trisomy 21, and abdominal operation in the newborn. 2. Half of the patients become ill during the first two weeks after starting cow's milk formula. The main symptoms are watery, mucus containing diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal distension, pallor and rapid weight loss. 3. In CMPSE the small intestinal mucosa shows varying degrees of inflammation and villous atrophy. Bloody stools refer to large bowel affection. 4. CMPSE is always transitory and usually persists for less than one year. Inadequate treatment leads to "severe protracted diarrhea" or "intractable diarrhea" syndrome. Soya-based formula should not be the diet of first choice, since secondary intolerance to soya proteins will frequently develop. Exclusive breast feeding during the first months of life is the best prophylaxis of CMPSE.
 ...
PMID:[Cow's milk protein sensitive enteropathy]. 675 83

Spontaneous linear tears in the stomach of the newborn infant can be lethal. While the etiology of this problem is unknown, pneumatic rupture of the stomach seems to be the most logical explanation for the gastric tear. The mechanism is much like Boerhaave's syndrome, the stomach being the target organ. Tremendous intragastric pressures may result because of incoordination and immaturity of the vomiting mechanism in the infant. The perforation occurs characteristically within the first seven days of life. Mortality is high, and surgical intervention is urgent. Three such patients have been successfully managed during the past 15 years. These patients are presented in detail, and the esophageal motilities in two of the survivors are presented. Pressure studies with rupture of cadaver stomachs and esophagi of newborn infants and adults are also presented in an effort to better understand the pathogenesis of this gastric catastrophy. Discussion of the diagnosis and management is also included in the presentation.
 ...
PMID:Spontaneous linear tears of the stomach in the newborn infant. 724 21

Piglets from five litters were doses orally with cryptosporidium originally derived from diarrhoeic calves. The piglets were either nursed by the sow, artificially reared after sucking colostrum, or weaned on to creep feed. Colostrum-fed, artificially reared piglets obtained from two litters and exposed in the first week of life developed clinical signs of inappetence, vomiting and diarrhoea and shed oocysts in the faeces. Histologically the parasite was observed throughout the small and large intestine attached to epithelial cell surfaces and its presence was associated with extensive mucosal damage, particularly in the posterior small intestine, stunting and fusion of villi, immaturity of villous epithelial cells and oedema with increased cellularity of the lamina propria. Piglets from two other litters, both sucking and colostrum-fed artificially reared, exhibited similar but milder clinical signs. Histological lesions were less severe and cryptosporidium infection less extensive. When weaned piglets were exposed they remained clinically healthy although histologically there was evidence of cryptosporidium attachment in the small intestine and minor mucosal damage. There appears to be a good correlation between the extent of intestinal infection, the degree of mucosal damage and the severity of clinical disease induced by cryptosporidium in piglets.
 ...
PMID:Experimental infection of piglets with cryptosporidium. 734 29

From January 1986 to February 1994, 198 children were operated on for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). Postoperative follow-up have been carried out in 194 cases. The children were divided into two groups: group A (n = 134; 69.1%): without any postoperative diet troubles (n = 52) or simple regurgitations (n = 82), and group B (n = 60; 30.9%) presenting more significant vomiting requiring medical treatment (n = 52) or a prolongation of parental nutrition (n = 8). A retrospective study of the different factors which can possibly explain this postoperative vomiting was carried out. The criteria having an influence are: the age (44.5 days in group A; 35.7 days in group B; (p < 0.001) the weight at the time of the operation (3921) g in group A; 3647 in group B; p = 0.01) the thickness of the pylorus at the pre-operative ultrasound scan (5.2 mm in group A; 47 in group B; p < 0.015). The other studied criteria (prematurity, birth weight, delay in diagnosis, weight loss, hydroelectrolytic abnormalities, surgical approach way-subcostal or umbilical-, surgical difficulties and operation duration) are not statistically significant. The young age (and therefore the low weight) at the time of the pyloromyotomy can easily explain the post-operative vomiting through the physiological immaturity of the lower sphincter of the esophagus. It is more paradoxical to note that these difficulties are all the more frequent because the pyloric tumor is less thick at the ultrasound scan. But this criterion is also directly related to the child's age (average thickness of 4.5 mm before the age of one month and 5.8 mm after the age of two months; p < 0.0001). These data suggest the importance of systematic medical treatment to prevent postoperative vomiting in high-risk children, in order to decrease hospital stay (4.14 days in group A; 5.20 days in group B; p < 0.0001).
 ...
PMID:Prognostic factors of the postoperative vomiting in case of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. 916 55

An 11-year-old crossbred dog was presented with a history of episodic vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort and coughing. These signs had been present for several years. Marked peripheral eosinophilia (10.3 x 10(9)/L) was found. No underlying cause of reactive eosinophilia was apparent. Bone marrow aspiration biopsy showed hyperplasia of the eosinophilic cell line, with some increase in immaturity, although all cells were morphologically normal. There were numerous eosinophils in bronchial wash fluid and eosinophilic infiltrates were evident in biopsies of pancreas, liver, small intestine and colon but not stomach. Hypereosinophilic syndrome was diagnosed. The dog responded well to twice daily treatment with hydroxyurea and prednisolone. Clinical signs are well-controlled 16 months later.
 ...
PMID:Successful treatment of hypereosinophilic syndrome in a dog. 1171 8

Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) have a higher prevalence among infants than among children or adults. This is linked to the immaturity of the oesophagus and stomach and the higher liquid intake of infants. Genetic factors could also be contributory in some families. Clinical symptoms in infants are mainly regurgitation and vomiting, which usually disappear between 1 and 3 years of age. Symptoms in children are similar to those in adults. Treatment in children depends on age and GORD severity. With GOR or mild GORD, particularly in infants, explanation and reassurance together with thickening of formula feed and lifestyle changes are usually effective. Prokinetics either have unproven efficacy (metoclopramide, domperidone) or have been withdrawn (cisapride). Chronic antacid therapy is not recommended. In moderate to severe GORD, histamine-2-receptor antagonists and particularly proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are effective, especially when oesophagitis is present. PPIs, in particular omeprazole and lansoprazole, have proven efficacy in infants and children. They are well tolerated, with pharmacokinetics similar to those in adults. However, dosages should be adapted in neonates and children under 10 years old. Fundoplication should be avoided before 2 to 3 years of age if possible.
 ...
PMID:Managing gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in children. 1500 29

Vulnerable infants are at an increased risk for feeding intolerance due to immaturity or dysfunction (ie, congenital anomaly or obstruction) of the gastrointestinal system and/or hemodynamic instability. Symptoms of feeding intolerance include vomiting, water-loss stools, increased abdominal girth, and increased gastric residuals. It has been well documented that human milk provides optimal nutrition for infants and decreases the incidence of feeding intolerance. Donor human milk can be used for these at-risk infants to supplement the mother's own milk supply if insufficient or if the mother has decided not to or is unable to provide human milk for her infant. Establishing a donor human milk program within your institution will allow an opportunity for all vulnerable infants to receive an exclusive human milk diet.
 ...
PMID:Making the case for using donor human milk in vulnerable infants. 2296 1


1 2 Next >>