Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

60,000 women in France have received RU 486 and a prostaglandin to induce abortion. In the late 1980's, clinical researchers assessed the safety and effectiveness of 600 mg of oral RU 486 in 2040 French women. 2 days later, health workers either injected 0.25-0.5mg of sulprostone or inserted a 1mg vaginal suppository of gemeprost in 1964 women who had not yet aborted. 96% experienced complete abortions. Physicians needed to conduct either a vacuum aspiration of dilation and curettage on the other 4%. RU 486 was most successful with 0.5mg of sulprostone, but these women also experienced considerable vaginal bleeding and pain. Overall uterine bleeding occurred for 8.9 days. The researchers recommended that adequate medical facilities be accessible to women using this method. Mild side effects were nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Efficacy and safety matched those of other early abortion methods. In April 1991, a grand multiparous women who smoked heavily and received RU 486 and a prostaglandin died--the 1st reported RU 486 related death. RU 486 may be able to treat fibroids, endometriosis, premenstrual syndrome, meningioma, hypertension, adrenal cancer, glaucoma, some forms of Cushing's syndrome, and breast cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration forbade the commercial import of RU 486 in 1989, even though it deemed RU 486 safe and effective. FDA considered the antiabortion view of the Bush Administration when making this decision. It made this decision despite the fact that abortion was still legal. RU 486 should be available soon for use as an abortifacient in the UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland. These countries do not intent providing it to US women, however. Further the manufacturer is not willing to provide it to US researchers because it is afraid of antiabortion repercussions which may jeopardize WHO's approval of RU 486.
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PMID:The RU 486 story: the French experience. 173 8

We studied the prevalence of migraine in low-tension glaucoma (LTG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Seventy seven Japanese patients with LTG, 73 with POAG, and 75 normal subjects were randomly selected and tested with a headache questionnaire. The prevalence of headache with or without typical migrainous features (unilateral headache or ocular pain, nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbance before headache) was 51% in LTG, 42% in POAG, and 44% in normal patients. The prevalence of headache with two migrainous features or more (probable migraine) was 17% in LTG, 11% in POAG, and 12% in normal subjects. The prevalence of headache with three migrainous features (classical migraine) was 5% in LTG, 3% in POAG, and 3% in normal subjects. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of any types of migraine between the three groups of patients (p greater than 0.05). These results suggest there is no significant relationship between migraine and LTG or POAG in Japanese patients.
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PMID:Prevalence of migraine in low-tension glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma in Japanese. 202 90

The authors administered a standardized headache questionnaire to 54 patients with low-tension glaucoma, 182 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, 126 patients with ocular hypertension, and 493 normal subjects. Patients with low-tension glaucoma had headaches with or without features of migraine (unilateral headache, nausea or vomiting, or visual prodromata) more frequently than did any of the other groups. The higher prevalence of headache in low-tension glaucoma patients, who were usually elderly, was especially striking when their age was considered, since headaches are less common in elderly normal subjects than in young normal subjects. Headaches were present in 86% of elderly low-tension glaucoma patients (70 yr of age or older) but in only 64% of elderly normal subjects (P = 0.04) and only 59% of elderly ocular hypertensive patients (P = 0.02). Because migraine is an ischemic disorder, its possible association with low-tension glaucoma has etiologic and therapeutic implications.
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PMID:Migraine and low-tension glaucoma. A case-control study. 401 1

A patient with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) underwent a trabeculectomy according to Watson's technique. Postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) ranged from 8 to 11 mm Hg. However, repeat slit lamp evaluation revealed the absence of bleb formation. Two months post-filtration surgery the patient developed the sudden onset of nausea, vomiting, supraorbital pain, and blurred vision. The IOP was 46 mm Hg and gonioscopy revealed a hyaline membrane covering a cyclodialysis cleft. A Nd:YAG laser was used to reopen the cleft, with normalization of IOP.
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PMID:Reopening cyclodialysis cleft with Nd:YAG laser following trabeculectomy. 654 22

Pilocarpine, a parasympathomimetic drug used in the treatment of glaucoma, produces a variety of ocular and systemic adverse reactions. Ocular side effects include miosis, accommodative spasm, frontal headaches, twitching lids, conjunctival injection, cataractous changes, allergic reactions, iris cysts, retinal detachment, increased permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier, anterior chamber narrowing, and the potential for inducing an acute angle-closure attack. Systemic side effects include nausea, vomiting, tenesmus, abdominal spasm, salivation, lacrimation, sweating, pulmonary edema, and bronchial spasm. The systemic side effects can best be minimized initially through proper use of the medication and nasolacrimal occlusion. The Ocusert, a long-acting pilocarpine-incorporated ocular insert, is a recent advance in delivery technique that offers an adequate hypotensive action with fewer side effects. Pilopex is a promising new experimental pilocarpine polymer salt presently being studied in Israel. Photomydriasis, a process involving the use of a laser to enlarge miotic pupils also offers help for these patients. N-demethylated carbachol is a new parasympathomimetic drug currently under study for glaucoma therapy. Initial results show that it may have considerable ocular hypotensive action with fewer adverse effects.
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PMID:Miotics: side effects and ways to avoid them. 707 Jul 79

Newer aspects of therapeutic potentials of cannabis and cannabinoids are reviewed. The major active constituent of cannabis sativa, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and synthetic cannabinoids are evaluated in several clinical trials on their antiemetic efficacy in cancer chemotherapy induced vomiting. 80% of patients refractory to standard antiemetic treatment could be improved with the synthetic cannabinoid levonantradol. Other therapeutic effects, which are presently investigated in clinical trials are analgesia, antispasticity, anticonvulsion and the reduction of intraocular pressure in glaucoma. The future goal of cannabinoid research is the separation between specific pharmacologic activities and undesirable psychotropic effects.
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PMID:[Cannabis and cannabinoids. Possibilities of their therapeutic use]. 707 98

The major active ingredient of marijuana, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), has been used as a psychoactive agent for thousands of years. Marijuana, and delta 9-THC, also exert a wide range of other effects including analgesia, anti-inflammation, immunosuppression, anticonvulsion, alleviation of intraocular pressure in glaucoma, and attenuation of vomiting. The clinical application of cannabinoids has, however, been limited by their psychoactive effects, and this has led to interest in the biochemical bases of their action. Progress stemmed initially from the synthesis of potent derivatives of delta 9-THC, and more recently from the cloning of a gene encoding a G-protein-coupled receptor for cannabinoids. This receptor is expressed in the brain but not in the periphery, except for a low level in testes. It has been proposed that the nonpsychoactive effects of cannabinoids are either mediated centrally or through direct interaction with other, non-receptor proteins. Here we report the cloning of a receptor for cannabinoids that is not expressed in the brain but rather in macrophages in the marginal zone of spleen.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. 839 59

Consumption of oil extracted from accidental or deliberate contamination of argemone seed to mustard seed is known to pose a clinical condition popularly referred to as Epidemic Dropsy. Several outbreaks of Epidemic Dropsy have occurred in the past in India as well as in Mauritius, Fiji Island, and South Africa. Clinico-epidemiological manifestations of argemone oil poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, swelling of limbs, erythema, pitting edema, breathlessness, etc. In extreme cases, glaucoma and even death due to cardiac arrest have been encountered. The toxicity of argemone oil has been attributed to two of its physiologically active benzophenanthridine alkaloids, sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine. Histopathological studies suggest that liver, lungs, kidney, and heart are the target sites for argemone oil intoxication. Studies have shown to elucidate the cocarcinogenic potential of argemone oil that can be correlated with the binding of sanguinarine with a DNA template. Pharmacological response in intestine revealed immediate stimulation of tone and peristaltic movements of the gut in the sanguinarine-treated animals. Argemone oil/Sanguinarine caused a decrease in hepatic glycogen levels which may be due to the activation of glycogenolysis leading to an accumulation of pyruvate in the blood of Epidemic Dropsy cases. The increase in pyruvate levels causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leading to breathlessness, as observed in patients. Sanguinarine has been shown to inhibit Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity of different organs such as brain, heart, liver, intestine, and skeletal muscle, which may be due to the interaction with the glycoside receptor site on ATPase enzyme, thereby causing a decrease in the active transport of glucose. Argemone oil/alkaloid showed a Type II binding spectra with hepatic cytochrome P-450 (P-450) protein, thereby causing loss of P-450 content and an impairment of phase I and phase II enzymes. A green fluorescent metabolite of sanguinarine, benzacridine was detected in the milk of grazing animals. The delayed appearance of this metabolite in urine and feces of experimental animals suggests the slow elimination of the alkaloid. Argemone oil enhances hepatic microsomal and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, indicating that these two organelles are the sites of membrane damage. Furthermore, studies suggest that singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical are involved in argemone oil toxicity. Several bioantioxidants show protective effect in argemone oil-induced toxicity in experimental animals. The line of treatment in argemone-intoxicated epidemics has so far been only symptomatic, and specific therapeutic measures are still lacking, although it has been suggested that diuretics, bioantioxidants, steroids, vitamins, calcium- and protein-rich diet had some beneficial effects on Epidemic Dropsy cases.
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PMID:Clinicoepidemiological, toxicological, and safety evaluation studies on argemone oil. 918 56

A broad range of therapeutic applications has been suggested for cannabis or its pharmacologically active compound (tetrahydrocannabinol; THC) in many publications. Psychotropic side effects and the anecdotal character of the research have limited the pharmacotherapeutic use of THC until now. Therefore, the Netherlands Health Council recently decided negatively on this matter. Besides several cannabinoid receptor subtypes present in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues endogenous cannabinoids have been detected. These endogenous cannabinoids appear to play an important role in signal transduction, which may be starting points for therapy regarding: cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord disorders. cerebrovascular accident and brain trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, pain management, glaucoma, oncologic and aids-related disorders such as nausea, vomiting and appetite problems.
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PMID:[Therapeutic applications and biomedical effects of cannabinoids; pharmacological starting points]. 954 85

Cannabis has a potential for clinical use often obscured by unreliable and purely anecdotal reports. The most important natural cannabinoid is the psychoactive tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC); others include cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG). Not all the observed effects can be ascribed to THC, and the other constituents may also modulate its action; for example CBD reduces anxiety induced by THC. A standardised extract of the herb may be therefore be more beneficial in practice and clinical trial protocols have been drawn up to assess this. The mechanism of action is still not fully understood, although cannabinoid receptors have been cloned and natural ligands identified. Cannabis is frequently used by patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) for muscle spasm and pain, and in an experimental model of MS low doses of cannabinoids alleviated tremor. Most of the controlled studies have been carried out with THC rather than cannabis herb and so do not mimic the usual clincal situation. Small clinical studies have confirmed the usefulness of THC as an analgesic; CBD and CBG also have analgesic and antiinflammatory effects, indicating that there is scope for developing drugs which do not have the psychoactive properties of THC. Patients taking the synthetic derivative nabilone for neurogenic pain actually preferred cannabis herb and reported that it relieved not only pain but the associated depression and anxiety. Cannabinoids are effective in chemotherapy-induced emesis and nabilone has been licensed for this use for several years. Currently, the synthetic cannabinoid HU211 is undergoing trials as a protective agent after brain trauma. Anecdotal reports of cannabis use include case studies in migraine and Tourette's syndrome, and as a treatment for asthma and glaucoma. Apart from the smoking aspect, the safety profile of cannabis is fairly good. However, adverse reactions include panic or anxiety attacks, which are worse in the elderly and in women, and less likely in children. Although psychosis has been cited as a consequence of cannabis use, an examination of psychiatric hospital admissions found no evidence of this, however, it may exacerbate existing symptoms. The relatively slow elimination from the body of the cannabinoids has safety implications for cognitive tasks, especially driving and operating machinery; although driving impairment with cannabis is only moderate, there is a significant interaction with alcohol. Natural materials are highly variable and multiple components need to be standardised to ensure reproducible effects. Pure natural and synthetic compounds do not have these disadvantages but may not have the overall therapeutic effect of the herb.
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PMID:Cannabinoids in clinical practice. 1115 13


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