Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A retrospective review of charts for 650 children who had lumbar puncture for suspected meningitis was undertaken to determine the characteristics of patients with and without meningitis, identify other conditions suggesting meningitis, and evaluate the predictive value of signs and symptoms of meningitis. The incidence of positive lumbar punctures increased with patient age. Younger infants did not present with classical features of meningitis. Bulging fontanel, lethargy, and irritability were nonspecific symptoms. Vomiting and headache, although not specific, proved to be more sensitive indicators of meningeal infection. Most patients with meningitis (75%) had at least one sign of meningeal irritation, but so did 25% of patients without meningitis. Brudzinski's sign was not specific. In contrast, nuchal rigidity and Kernig's sign had high predictive value. Up to age five, the diseases most often suggesting meningitis were right-sided pneumonia, gastroenteritis, otitis, tonsillitis, exanthema subitum, and urinary tract infections. Of 171 patients with febrile convulsion, one (0.5%) had bacterial meningitis and four had aseptic meningitis.
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PMID:Diseases that mimic meningitis. Analysis of 650 lumbar punctures. 220 11

A family outbreak of gastroenteritis involving three adults and three children is described in which diarrhoea and vomiting were the main clinical features. One infant died in whom no pathogens could be detected in either small or large intestinal postmortem samples. Stool samples from two symptomatic siblings contained rotaviruses as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Both of these faecal samples were negative when assayed in a group A specific rotavirus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and subsequent genomic analysis of these rotaviruses was suggestive of group C rotavirus. Serological evidence showed that these atypical rotaviruses were members of serogroup C. Other atypical rotaviruses in faecal samples from sporadic cases in symptomatic children were detected over a similar time period and location. These had electrophoretic RNA profiles similar to those in the family outbreak. Furthermore, seroepidemiological studies detected group C rotavirus antibody in blood donors resident in the location of the family outbreak.
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PMID:Group C rotavirus associated with fatal enteritis in a family outbreak. 234 36

During January through June 1988, oocysts of Cryptosporidium were identified in fecal samples of 83 (7.7%) of 1073 children who presented with acute gastroenteritis. Other intestinal pathogens were less common: Salmonella 4.2%, E. coli 1.9%, Shigella 2.6% and Campylobacter jejuni 5.0%. Cryptosporidiosis (C) was more common under the age of 5 years than over (8.4% vs 1.8%, respectively, p less than 0.01). In 6 (7.2%) children with C, another stool pathogen was found. Frequent signs of C were diarrhea (85.4%), vomiting (36.3%) and fever (32.7%). Although no anticryptosporidial treatment was given, most children recovered within 5-9 days, but 6 had to be hospitalized: 4 were dehydrated and 5 had electrolyte imbalance. Repeated examination showed persistence of oocysts in the stools for up to 19 days. We conclude that C is a significant cause of gastroenteritis in Israeli children under the age of 5 years which occasionally requires hospitalization. We therefore recommend routine examination for C in cases of acute gastroenteritis.
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PMID:[Cryptosporidiosis in children]. 234 32

Cryptosporidium spp is now widely accepted as a cause of gastroenteritis. Various methods have been applied to detect oocysts in faeces, but the difficulties of discriminating between non-cryptosporidial bodies, acid fast bodies like cryptosporidia, and cryptosporidia remain. A simple examination in two stages, suitable for routine use is described, using auramine phenol and carbol fuchsine for screening and a modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method for confirmation. A further method, using Jenner and Giemsa stains, is of value for confirmation of identity, especially where fluorescence microscopy is unavailable. A modification of the formol-ether method of concentration is also described. Immunofluorescence and thin section electron microscopy provide definitive identification. Vomiting can be an important clinical feature of gastroenteritis, and the first description of oocysts in vomit is reported. Preliminary findings, after more than two years of study show that Cryptosporidium is an important pathogenic agent in gastroenteritis, confirm the increased incidence in children, and suggest a possible seasonal trend.
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PMID:Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. 241 82

In just-weaned piglets (n = 30, 3-4 weeks) diarrhoea (100%) and vomiting (66%) were provoked by inoculation with transmissible gastroenteritis virus and enterotoxigenic E. coli strains (O149: K91: K88ac; LT, STa and STb enterotoxin positive). This combined infection resulted in a mortality of 71% within 7 days. During this period animals revealed a decrease in body weight, in arterial pressure, in leukocyte count, in plasma pH and in plasma lactic acid concentrations, and an increase in heart rate and in total plasma protein concentration. In shocked and expiring piglets an increase in haematocrit and a decrease in base excess and actual bicarbonate were observed. Chlorpromazine, administered intramuscularly on 3 successive days following the dual infection in 8 K88ac susceptible pigs, in a dosage of 2 and 1.5 mg/kg.24 h, somewhat retarded the appearance of severe diarrhoea and suppressed vomiting. These beneficial effects, however, did not result in an increased survival.
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PMID:Effect of chlorpromazine on experimental diarrhoea in just-weaned piglets. 250 52

During a 2-year prospective study of gastroenteritis in children less than 2 years of age, the role of enteric adenovirus as a cause of infantile diarrhea was examined in three clinical settings in a case-control fashion. Using a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with specificity for adenovirus serotypes 40 and 41, enteric adenovirus was identified in 10 of 246 episodes of diarrhea in outpatients (4.1%), 13 of 211 children admitted to the hospital with diarrhea (6.2%), and 5 of 81 children in whom nosocomial diarrhea developed (6.2%), making this agent the third most commonly identified etiologic agent of diarrheal disease. Asymptomatic infections were uncommon (5 of 372 control subjects, or 1.3%) and were seen most frequently in the nosocomial setting. Cases occurred in every calendar month except March and April of each year. A syndrome of watery diarrhea of longer duration compared with other patients with diarrhea (mean 5.4 vs 3.8 days, P = .01), associated with vomiting and dehydration, was present in most cases. Compared with patients with rotavirus, patients were as likely to experience fever and dehydration and more likely to vomit. Household contact with gastroenteritis, often with a child 2 to 5 years of age, was a predisposing factor. It was concluded that enteric adenovirus is an important cause of infantile diarrhea in Baltimore children. Although far less common than rotavirus, this agent was associated with diarrheal illnesses that were at least as severe as those seen with rotavirus.
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PMID:Enteric adenovirus infection and childhood diarrhea: an epidemiologic study in three clinical settings. 254 21

Rotavirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants worldwide and there is need for an effective vaccine. Rotavirus Wistar calf 3 (WC3) is a strain of bovine origin attenuated by 12 passages in cell culture. A lyophilized candidate vaccine containing 1 x 10(7) PFU of WC3 has been developed. An oral dose was given to 25 French infants 5-12-months old (mean age 8.6 months). No diarrhoea was observed within 2 weeks after vaccination. Unexplained vomiting was reported once and isolated fever greater than 37.8 degrees C was reported 3 times during the first week. One month later, a neutralizing antibody response to serotypes tested was shown in 88% of cases, with heterotypic responses to human serotype 3 (SA11 strain) in 72% and to type 1 (WA strain) in 48%. The percentage of immune response was similar whether the infant had antibody prior to immunization or not, but a booster effect was observed in children who had pre-immunization rotavirus antibodies. Considering these promising results, efficacy trials are in the planning in different parts of the world.
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PMID:Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of rotavirus WC3 vaccine in 5-12 month old infants. 254 37

In April 1988 a large outbreak of group C rotavirus infection associated with acute gastroenteritis occurred among schoolchildren and their teachers simultaneously at seven elementary schools in Fukui city, Japan. Of 3,102, 675 (21.8%) became ill. Clinical symptoms were mild, predominantly abdominal pain and vomiting, with diarrhea reported in only 27.6%. The outbreak subsided within 2 d. No pathogenic bacteria were found in fecal specimens; the virus particles detected by electron microscopy were morphologically indistinguishable from conventional infantile rotavirus. Immune electron microscopy showed that these virions formed large aggregates with convalescent serum and with the reference serum specific to group C rotavirus. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed similar RNA patterns for virus from this outbreak and typical group C rotavirus.
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PMID:An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with acute rotaviral infection in schoolchildren. 255 75

Between 13 and 16 September 1985, 168 of 419 Filipino workers, living in a camp near Dammam, Saudi Arabia, developed acute gastroenteritis with diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and low-grade fever. The outbreak was confined to those who ate from a single kitchen. The median approximate incubation period of the disease was 34 hours (range 8 to 96 hours). Salmonella minnesota was isolated from the stools and rectal swabs of 34% of the patients. One of the 27 cooks was positive for the organism. There was no infection diagnosed among 390 close contacts of the patients, and the organism was also not grown from samples of leftover or fresh food. All isolates were sensitive to most of the commonly used antimicrobials, except tetracycline and streptomycin. A particular meal served from a single kitchen was tentatively implicated as the source of the outbreak.
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PMID:An outbreak of food poisoning in a workers' camp in Saudi Arabia caused by Salmonella minnesota. 260 97

In 45 newly-weaned 3 to 4-week-old piglets, diarrhoea was induced by a combined infection with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains. In untreated control animals this dual inoculation resulted in profuse diarrhoea, vomiting, hypovolaemic shock and death of 77% of the animals within five days of TGE virus inoculation. Antisecretory drugs were administered intramuscularly for three consecutive days after experimental infection. The neurolepticum chlorpromazine, at 2 mg/kg/24 h, resulted in a significant inhibition of diarrhoea and vomiting, and in an increase in weight gain and survival. Sedation and hypothermia, however, were serious side-effects. The alpha 2 agonist clonidine, at 80 micrograms/kg/12 h, induced a significant antidiarrhoeal effect and a reduction in mortality. The drug, however, provoked decreased activity of alpha 2-adrenergic excitation and incoordination. The beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, at 0.33 mg/kg/8 h, and the calcium channel blocker verapamil, at 2 mg/kg/8 h, had no beneficial effect on the experimentally induced diarrhoea.
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PMID:Effect of antisecretory drugs on experimentally induced weanling diarrhoea in piglets. 267 57


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