Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 27,480 stool specimens from 15,548 patients with gastroenteritis were analyzed for bacterial enteropathogens during a 4-year period between 1986-89 at a major referral center in Saudi Arabia. Bacterial pathogens were isolated from 1,152 patients, Salmonella being the most frequent, followed by Campylobacter, Shigella, and Aeromonas hydrophila. The latter bacterium was found in 58 patients; seven of them were associated with other enteric pathogens, but A. hydrophila was the only organism in 51 patients. All had gastrointestinal symptoms, the most common being diarrhea (92%), followed by abdominal pain (68%), fever (37%), and vomiting (27%). Stool specimens from 1,368 control patients were negative for A. hydrophila.
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PMID:Can isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from human feces have any clinical significance? 174 89

Macromolecular permeability of the small intestine was tested in seven three-week-old piglets infected with porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGE-strain Miller). Fourteen hours after the infection, the piglets showed loss of appetite and a profuse diarrhoea. In some animals vomiting occurred somewhat earlier. Macromolecular permeability was tested morphologically by injecting horseradish peroxidase (MW = 40,000 Da) into the jejunal lumen just distally to the Treitz' ligament in two piglets at 12 hours and in five piglets at 48 hours after the inoculation in comparison with two control piglets. After a period of 20 minutes, small segments of jejunum were taken for stereomicro-scopical, histological and ultrastructural investigations. An increased permeability for HRP together with a severe, hyper-regenerative villous atrophy was observed in the TGE-infected piglets at 48 hours after the inoculation.
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PMID:Intestinal permeability in piglets during transmissible gastroenteritis. 183 Apr 39

In March 1989 a large outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred simultaneously among schoolchildren and teachers at nine elementary schools in Toyota City, Japan. Illness was observed in 3236 (41.5%) of 7801 schoolchildren and 117 (39.4%) of 297 teachers. The main clinical symptoms were diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea and abdominal pain. Gastroenteritis was significantly associated with the consumption of school lunch served by one particular lunch preparation centre. One food handler at the centre suffered from gastroenteritis during the outbreak. Small round structured virus (SRSV) was detected in 4 of 8 stool specimens from sick persons. The school lunch contaminated by the infected food handler is the most probable source of this outbreak due to SRSV.
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PMID:A large outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a small round structured virus among schoolchildren and teachers in Japan. 187 93

Pneumatosis intestinalis is uncommon in children other than in the premature infant with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). We recently observed pneumatosis intestinalis in two infants with rotavirus gastroenteritis. Both children prior to the onset of acute vomiting and diarrhea were healthy and thriving with no evidence of any underlying illness. The disease and the pneumatosis intestinalis observed in the infants presented in this paper responded well to supportive and conservative medical management. The association of pneumatosis intestinalis in otherwise healthy children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis has not been previously described.
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PMID:Pneumatosis intestinalis in two infants with rotavirus gastroenteritis. 166 83

Stool samples from 836 cases with diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis from the Pediatric ward, Penang General Hospital, were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts. A dimethyl sulfoxide modified acid fast technique was used for the identification of the parasites. 36 samples or 4.3% were found to be positive for Cryptosporidium. The prevalence of infection was higher (2.39%) in children with diarrhea and vomiting than in children with acute gastroenteritis alone (0.8%). Stool examination and cultures from the Cryptosporidium positive samples revealed no other parasites, rotavirus or enteropathogenic bacteria. This suggests that Cryptosporidium may be an important agent in the causation of diarrhea in young children. A routine laboratory examination for the detection of Cryptosporidium in the search for causal agents of childhood diarrhea in our environment may, therefore, be significant.
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PMID:Cryptosporidiosis among children with acute gastroenteritis in the pediatric ward in the General Hospital, Penang. 194 80

Human adenoviruses are classified into 47 serotypes and six subgenera (A-F) with different tropisms. In recent years adenovirus type 40 (Ad40) and 41 (Ad41) of subgenus F have been shown to be causative agents in enteric infections, which is second in importance only to rotaviruses as a cause of infantile gastroenteritis. Infection with EAds occurs worldwide and has been associated with 4-17% of cases of diarrhoea in children. AD40 and Ad41 primarily affect young children less than 2 years of age and occur throughout the year. The clinical characteristics include watery diarrhoea accompanied by vomiting, low grade fever and mild dehydration. A distinct feature of EAds infection is the protracted diarrhoea (mean 8.6 and 12.2 days for Ad40 and Ad41, respectively). Respiratory symptoms are infrequent. Serotypes Ad40 and Ad41 differ from all other (established) adenoviruses by being unable to replicate in conventional cell cultures. These fastidious viruses only grow in selected cell lines, 293 cells being the most commonly used. In spite of the difficulty of isolating Ad40 and Ad41, they can be directly identified and typed by ELISA and solid-phase immune electron microscopy. The amount of viral DNA in stool specimens is sufficient for identification by DNA restriction and dot-blot assays. The recent development of highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody-based ELISAs enable accurate diagnosis of adenovirus gastroenteritis in routine work and make possible the evaluation of the role of the enteric adenoviruses in diarrhoeal disease in the developing countries.
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PMID:Enteric adenoviruses. 196 27

Epidemiological studies on SRSVs, human calicivirus and astroviruses have been limited by the problems of establishing them in cell culture and the inability to transmit them to animals or to use strains from animals as a source of antigen for diagnostic tests. The use of EM and the subsequent development of RIAs and EIAs in a few research centres has shown that they are a cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhoea and vomiting. SRSVs have increasingly been recognized as a major cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the community and in hospital wards. The symptoms of illness are generally mild and of short duration and patients seldom require medical attention. However, because of the high attack rates and large numbers of persons of all age groups involved, there is often considerable economic loss and disruption of services. Evidence is accumulating that polluted water, molluscan shellfish, and contaminated cold foods are major sources of infection. Recently a SRSV has been shown to be the cause of epidemics and sporadic cases of waterborne enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (hepatitis E virus) which have occurred in the USSR, India, Mexico and Africa. Astroviruses and human caliciviruses are occasional causes of outbreaks of vomiting and diarrhoea in infants and the elderly which can necessitate the closure of hospital wards and cause considerable disruption. Symptoms are generally mild and of short duration and therefore the majority of cases are unlikely to be investigated by laboratories. Diagnosis of infections is at present limited to the few laboratories that have developed their own assays or have access to electronmicroscopy facilities.
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PMID:Human, small round structured viruses, caliciviruses and astroviruses. 196 28

The records of 22 children (sex rate boy/girl 1.75, mean age 2 7/12 year) treated for intussusception in Randers Central Hospital during the period 1975-1989 were reviewed. In 27% of the cases this diagnosis was made before admission, gastroenteritis being the most frequent differential diagnosis (18%). The mean duration of symptoms before admission was 24 hours. No significant correlation between low age and late diagnosis was found. Symptoms were vomiting (100%), abdominal colic (95%), palpable abdominal tumour (73%), diarrhoea with blood and mucus (63%) and low-grade fever (64%). Treatment by barium enema had a low success-rate (29%); the best results were recorded in children with symptoms for less than 24 hours. The mean duration of the hospital stay was 3.5 days in children treated by barium reduction and 8.5 days in children treated surgically. Early diagnosis seems to increase the success-rate of non-operative treatment. Absence of the classical triad of paroxysmal pain, abdominal mass and red currant jelly stool (found in 41% of the cases) does not exclude the possibility of intussusception.
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PMID:[Intussusception in children]. 204 44

During a 2-year period from January 1988 to December 1989, 125 patients (68 boys, 57 girls), aged 30 days to 9 years, were diagnosed as rotavirus gastroenteritis at this hospital. Diagnosis was made by identification of the rotavirus antigen in stool samples by latex agglutination assay. Ninety-nine (79.2%) of them were under 2 years of age. The seasonal peak in incidence was from January to March. The most common clinical characteristics were watery diarrhea (100%), followed by vomiting (68.8%), fever (68.0%), cough (42.4%), rhinorrhea (17.6%), convulsions (6.4%) and moderate to severe dehydration (1.6%). Fecal occult blood was positive in 4 patients and fecal leukocytes were positive in one patient. Stool cultures revealed concomitant infections with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in 4 patients. Of the 106 patients who underwent serum electrolyte examinations, serum sodium concentrations ranged from 135-145 meq/L in 81.9% (86/106) and serum potassium concentrations ranged from 3.5-5.0 meq/L in 86.8% (92/106). Leukocyte counts greater than 15,000/mm3 were found in 10.8% (13/120) of the patients. All 125 patients recovered from the diarrheal illness on follow-up. Our results showed a different seasonal distribution of this disease from that of a previous observation between 1983-1984 in Taipei City and provides original clinical information on rotavirus gastroenteritis in children living in an area of Taipei County. Using the simple and rapid latex agglutination assay, we can make early diagnosis of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Thus, early treatment and early isolation of patients to prevent nosocomial infection among hospitalized patients is possible.
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PMID:Rotavirus gastroenteritis in children: a clinical study of 125 patients in Hsin-Tien area. 206 88

Between August 24-October 20, 1985, an outbreak of acute diarrheal disease occurred among 1833 children in Imphal, Bishenpur, and Thoubal districts in Manipur State in India for an overall attach rate of 2/1000. 17 children died, a case fatality rate of 9/1000. Hospital and health center personnel treated 1711 cases with rehydration therapy (oral or intravenous fluids). Local, mainly unqualified, practitioners treated the remaining 122 cases with antidarrheal drugs. Children treated at home were more likely to die than those treated at health facilities (case fatality rates 0.6% vs. 4.9%; p.001). Nevertheless these case fatality rates were lower than those in a 1973-1974 outbreak of gastroenteritis in Manipur, perhaps because the health authority distributed oral rehydration solution packets during this 1985 epidemic. The leading symptoms were watery diarrhea (82.5%), vomiting (67.5%), and abdominal pain (37.5%). Children 5 years old tended to experience severe dehydration more so than younger children (31.3% vs. 12.5%). 58.8% of hospitalized cases were older children who suffered the highest death rate. (1.9%). Peak admissions occurred the last week of September ending on October 2. Yet during the decline phase, the admission rate of children 2 years old rose. 25.3% of cases sampled recovered V. cholerae with the highest isolation rate (30.8%) found in older children and adults. 50% of fecal samples of children 6-23 months old tested positive for rotavirus. The researchers did not find any obvious epidemiological link between the 3 areas. They concluded that the rotavirus epidemic which peaked the week after that of cholera represented the beginning of the usual rotavirus diarrhea season.
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PMID:Report of an outbreak of diarrhoeal disease caused by cholera followed by rotavirus in Manipur. 210 90


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