Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Leading symptoms of anorectal malformation in the neonatal period are abdominal distention, non-passage of meconium and constipation. When present, vomiting is a late symptom. In a study in Calabar, Nigeria, patients were observed to present late, and teenage mothers in rural communities were mostly affected. Female neonates were affected more than males in a ratio of 1.5:1. Classification into low and high abnormality was adopted and proved practical in terms of identification of the pathology and treatment of the lesion. Patients with low abnormality (N = 24, 44.4%) were treated with perineal cut-down, while those with high abnormality (55.6%) had initial palliative colostomy before a definitive abdominal perineal pull-through procedure. Faecal incontinence (13%), anal stenosis (11.1%), constipation (7.4%) and colostomy prolapse (5.6%) were noted to be associated complications. Poverty and ignorance were noted to be the main factors affecting treatment outcome. A concerted public enlightenment campaign is therefore required.
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PMID:Results of treatment in children with anorectal malformations in Calabar, Nigeria. 1553 16

The goals of this study were to determine whether anal sphincter dysfunction in spina bifida develops during fetal life or after birth and whether it reflects the severity of spina bifida and therefore can be used as a criterion to select the cases that could benefit from in uterosurgery. Total protein and digestive enzyme activities [gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), aminopeptidase M (AMP), and alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes including the intestinal form (iALP)] were assayed retrospectively in amniotic fluid from 80 myelomeningocele spina bifida cases without unrelated associated malformation (gestational age 14-33 wk). A normal enzyme activity profile was observed in 46 of the 80 cases. Two abnormal profiles were observed: 1) bilious vomiting, characterized by abnormally high GGTP and AMP activities but normal iALP, and 2) digestive enzyme leakage, characterized by abnormally high activities of GGTP, AMP, and iALP, typical of anal incontinence. No relation was observed between these enzyme activity profiles and the different secondary signs of spina bifida or the level of the damage. In conclusion, anal sphincter dysfunction in spina bifida revealed by amniotic fluid digestive enzyme activities occurred before 24 wk in fetal life in 28.7% of cases. This criterion may be indicative of the severity of spina bifida and therefore perhaps could be used to select cases that are suited to in utero surgery. It could also be used to establish the potential benefit of this surgery in fecal incontinence.
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PMID:Fetal anal incontinence evaluated by amniotic fluid digestive enzyme assay in myelomeningocele spina bifida. 1618 7

The Rome II pediatric criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) were defined in 1999 to be used as diagnostic tools and to advance empirical research. In this document, the Rome III Committee aimed to update and revise the pediatric criteria. The decision-making process to define Rome III criteria for children aged 4-18 years consisted of arriving at a consensus based on clinical experience and review of the literature. Whenever possible, changes in the criteria were evidence based. Otherwise, clinical experience was used when deemed necessary. Few publications addressing Rome II criteria were available to guide the committee. The clinical entities addressed include (1) cyclic vomiting syndrome, rumination, and aerophagia; 2) abdominal pain-related FGIDs including functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal migraine, and functional abdominal pain; and (3) functional constipation and non-retentive fecal incontinence. Adolescent rumination and functional constipation are newly defined for this age group, and the previously designated functional fecal retention is now included in functional constipation. Other notable changes from Rome II to Rome III criteria include the decrease from 3 to 2 months in required symptom duration for noncyclic disorders and the modification of the criteria for functional abdominal pain. The Rome III child and adolescent criteria represent an evolution from Rome II and should prove useful for both clinicians and researchers dealing with childhood FGIDs. The future availability of additional evidence-based data will likely continue to modify pediatric criteria for FGIDs.
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PMID:Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent. 1667 66

Symptoms of fecal impaction extend from constipation, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, to full blown sepsis. We present the case of a patient with cerebral palsy and mental retardation, who presented to the Emergency Department with a 3-day history of diffuse abdominal pain and fecal incontinence. Evaluation revealed severe fecal impaction. The patient developed systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), with negative workup for underlying etiology. He responded well to digital disimpaction and antibiotics. Our case illustrates the serious sequelae of fecal impaction, which should be considered in patients with neurologic disorders and SIRS.
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PMID:Fecal impaction and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in a young male with cerebral palsy. 1671 17

The objective of this study was to highlight the gastrointestinal problems that occur in stroke survivors, which may also reduce their quality of life. Stroke patients admitted over an 18-month period were evaluated for common gastrointestinal symptoms as well as type and site of stroke. Symptoms evaluated included vomiting, dysphagia, constipation, masticatory difficulties and sialorrhea among others. Similar symptoms were sought for among controls. There were 54 experimental and 46 control subjects consisting of 25 (46.3%) men and 29 (53.7%) women and 32 (69.6%) men and 14 (30.4%) women respectively. The dominant gastrointestinal symptom was constipation 14 (25.9%), followed by masticatory difficulty 11 (20.4%). Other significant gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and signs were incomplete bowel evacuation, fecal incontinence, sialorrhea, and dysphagia. There was no significant difference in GI symptoms in either sex, site or type of stroke, except that constipation and incomplete evacuation were commoner in ischaemic stroke. It is advocated that feeding and bowel care should be instituted among stroke patients.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal complications in stroke survivors. 1731 May 56

The present work was designed to establish a novel animal model for motion sickness (MS) in rodents and to evaluate the effects of a combination of scopolamine and modafinil on MS with this novel method. It was found that the rats and mice presented several symptoms induced by rotation such as, piloerection, tremble, urinal and fecal incontinence. As the rats and mice are lack of emesis response to rotation, we used a score based on abovementioned symptoms as an index for the severity of MS in rodents. MS index was determined in 260 mice with this novel method. It was found that the distribution of MS index was normal (W=0.99; P=0.23. P>0.05 considered values' normal distribution). The effects of scopolamine on MS were studied in mice and rats. It was found that scopolamine significantly decreased MS index at the dose of 0.3 mg/kg in mice and 1.0 mg/kg in rats. Finally, the effects of a combination of scopolamine and modafinil were observed with this novel method in rats. It was found that the efficacy of the combination (5.0+5.0 mg/kg) was greater than the single drugs (10 mg/kg). Even the smallest dose of the combination (0.5+0.5 mg/kg) had a similar effect to large dose of scopolamine or modafinile when they were used alone. In conclusion, this animal model is suitable for MS study in rats and mice and the combination of scopolamine and modafinil might be a new method to treat or prevent MS.
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PMID:A novel animal model for motion sickness and its first application in rodents. 1761 82

Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) is a chronic multisystem disease characterized by excess deposition of connective tissue in skin and internal organs, associated with microvasculature changes and immunologic abnormalities. Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract may occur in 2 stages, a neuropathic disorder followed by a myopathy. Gastric emptying is delayed in 10% to 75% of patients and correlates with symptoms of early satiety, bloating, and emesis. Compliance of the fundus is increased although perception of fullness is normal. Myoelectric abnormalities have been found in some studies. Treatments include metoclopramide, cisapride, and erythromycin. Bleeding from telangiectasias and watermelon stomach is treated endoscopically. Small bowel involvement in PSS occurs in 17% to 57% of patients. The migrating motor complexes are reduced or absent, predisposing to bacterial overgrowth. Malabsorption may also be due to pancreatic insufficiency. Barium enemas demonstrate pancolonic involvement in 10% to 50% of patients with PSS. Wide-mouthed diverticuli, involving all layers of the intestinal wall, are characteristic. Pseudoobstruction may respond to octreotide or prucalopride therapy. Complications include pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, stercoral ulcerations, and perforation. Fecal incontinence may be due to dysfunction of the internal anal sphincter, a smooth muscle responsible for most of the resting anal sphincter pressure. Anal manometry may show a reduction or loss of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex. Treatments include biofeedback, sacral nerve stimulation, and surgery. PSS involves the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. Studies are needed to define effective treatments in these diseases, which cause great morbidity.
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PMID:Gastric and enteric involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis. 1809 82

Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes include gastroparesis, intestinal enteropathy (which can cause diarrhea, constipation, and fecal incontinence), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Patients with gastroparesis may present with early satiety, nausea, vomiting, bloating, postprandial fullness, or upper abdominal pain. The diagnosis of diabetic gastroparesis is made when other causes are excluded and postprandial gastric stasis is confirmed by gastric emptying scintigraphy. Whenever possible, patients should discontinue medications that exacerbate gastric dysmotility; control blood glucose levels; increase the liquid content of their diet; eat smaller meals more often; discontinue the use of tobacco products; and reduce the intake of insoluble dietary fiber, foods high in fat, and alcohol. Prokinetic agents (e.g., metoclopramide, erythromycin) may be helpful in controlling symptoms of gastroparesis. Treatment of diabetes-related constipation and diarrhea is aimed at supportive measures and symptom control. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is common in persons who are obese and who have diabetes. In persons with diabetes who have elevated hepatic transaminase levels, it is important to search for other causes of liver disease, including hepatitis and hemochromatosis. Gradual weight loss, control of blood glucose levels, and use of medications (e.g., pioglitazone, metformin) may normalize hepatic transaminase levels, but the clinical benefit of aggressively treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is unknown. Controlling blood glucose levels is important for managing most gastrointestinal complications.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes. 1861 80

The patient was a 74-year-old woman who was diagnosed with advanced breast cancer, T4aN0M0, stage IV. She was placed on chemotherapy of weekly paclitaxel (PTX) (60 mg/m(2) day 1, 8, 15 with 1 course consisting of 28 days). We used dexamethasone (8 mg/body) as premedication for chemotherapy every time. Three courses were performed with no severe adverse reaction. On the fourth course, day 8, she complained of nausea, vomiting, paroxysmal cough and fecal incontinence after a few minutes of dexamethasone administration. Her blood pressure dropped to a minimum of 64 mmHg (systolic pressure) and she soon became drowsy. We diagnosed the anaphylaxis-like reaction for dexamethasone, immediately discontinued dexamethasone infusion, and treated her successfully. Forty minutes after the episode had occurred, she recovered. The few reports on anaphylaxis or anaphylaxis-like reaction to dexamethasone must be taken into account when we use these drugs.
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PMID:[A case of advanced breast cancer with anaphylaxis-like reaction after intravenous administration of dexamethasone]. 1969 85

Little is known about the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal diseases (FGDs) in adolescents, especially in developing countries. This cross-sectional survey conducted in a semi-urban school in Sri Lanka, assessed the prevalence of whole spectrum of FGDs in 427 adolescents (age 12-16 years) using a validated self-administered questionnaire. According to Rome III criteria, 123 (28.8%) adolescents had FGDs. Of them, 59 (13.8%) had abdominal-pain-related FGDs [irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 30, functional dyspepsia 15, functional abdominal pain 13 and abdominal migraine 1]. Prevalence of functional constipation, aerophagia, adolescent rumination syndrome, cyclical vomiting syndrome and non-retentive faecal incontinence were 4.2, 6.3, 4, 0.5 and 0.2%, respectively. Only 58 (13.6%) adolescents were found to have FGDs when Rome II criteria were used. In conclusion, FGDs were present in more than one-fourth of adolescents in the study group, of which IBS was the most common. Rome III criteria were able to diagnose FGDs more comprehensively than Rome II.
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PMID:Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal diseases in a cohort of Sri Lankan adolescents: comparison between Rome II and Rome III criteria. 2052 79


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