Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During a 15-month period, 621 hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis and 152 control children were investigated for etiologic agents of the disease. Putative enteropathogens were identified in 86% of the patients and 10% of the controls. Common viral agents associated with gastroenteritis among children included rotaviruses (45%) and enteric adenoviruses (4%). Bacterial pathogens infecting children were Salmonella serotypes (24%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (9%), Campylobacter jejuni (7%), enteropathogenic E. coli (7%), Shigella (4%), and enterotoxigenic Aeromonas sp. (1%). The highest incidence of infections was observed in the 3-25 month age group. Mixed infections were observed in 12% of the patients. Viral gastroenteritis was clinically mild and of short duration. Upper respiratory tract infections, vomiting, and watery stools were common features. In contrast, bacterial gastroenteritis was more severe; stools were frequently bloody and abdominal pain, cramps, shock, convulsions, and milk intolerance were predominant clinical features. Comparative analysis revealed differential features of bacterial and viral gastroenteritis which should help clinicians to make a tentative diagnosis and to start treatment early.
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PMID:Microbial etiology of acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Kuwait. 279 54

In 8 villages of rural northeastern Egypt, a 2-year study of the etiologic agents associated with episodes of diarrhea was carried out. Stool specimens (3,243) from 3,513 episodes of diarrhea were processed for enteropathogens. The most commonly identified agents in the group with diarrhea were Giardia lamblia (44%), heat stable enterotoxin (ST)-producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (15%), heat labile toxin (LT)-producing ETEC (12%), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (4%), rotavirus (3%), Shigella (2%) and Salmonella (1%). Isolation rates were increased in cases compared to controls for all agents except G. lamblia and EPEC strains. Rotavirus, Salmonella and ST-producing ETEC were more frequently isolated during cooler months and Shigella and LT-ETEC occurred more commonly in warmer months. Campylobacter, EPEC, Giardia and E. histolytica did not show a discernable seasonal pattern. Rotavirus was primarily associated with diarrhea in infants only. Forty-four percent of children experienced at least 1 bout of rotavirus diarrhea by the age of 3 years. Vomiting was reported in 65% of cases of rotavirus infection. Dehydration was reported in greater than 40% of those with rotavirus-, Salmonella-, Campylobacter-, LT-ETEC- and EPEC-associated illness and in those without an identifiable agent. While rotavirus was implicated in 3% of cases overall, when vomiting or vomiting plus dehydration occurred, rotavirus was identified with a rate of 10% and 12%, respectively. Dysentery was common only in Shigella cases, occurring in 24%. A decrease in occurrence of rotavirus, Campylobacter and possibly EPEC illness was seen in the infants less than 6 months of age who were breast-fed when compared to those who were not.
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PMID:The detection of enteropathogens in acute diarrhea in a family cohort population in rural Egypt. 287 56

The poor nutrition, overcrowding, lack of water, and inadequate sanitation present in the rehabilitation camps set up for the more than 50,000 Ethiopians fleeing the 1984 drought made this population especially vulnerable to diarrheal diseases. 200 rehabilitation camp residents with diarrhea were studied in 1985 to determine the presence of pathogens in the stool and susceptibility to antibiotic treatment. A total of 42 (21%) of camp residents had a positive culture with enterobacteria. The isolation rate was 15.6% for Escherichia coli, 3.5% for Shigella, and 2.01% for Salmonella. Isolation rates were higher among patients under 5 years of age (59%) than among older patients (12%). Dehydration was more likely to be observed among children under 5 years of age, those with vomiting, patients with a more severe diarrhea, pyretic patients, and those with a positive stool culture. A good specificity (92%) and a low sensitivity (33%) was found for dysentery with fever for shigella or salmonella isolation. 22 (53%) of the enterobacteria were resistant to 2 or more antibiotics, presumably because of the widespread use of common oral antibiotics in the study setting. 53% of the E coli strains were resistant to ampicillin, 47% to chloramphenicol, 30% to co-trimoxazole, and 67% to tetracycline. Of the 7 Shigella strains, 3 were resistant to chloramphenicol and 4 to tetracycline. The high prevalence of resistance indicates a need for careful and discriminate use of antibiotics in emergency situations by relief programs.
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PMID:Clinical, microbiological and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of diarrhoea in Korem, Ethiopia. 290 12

Stool cultures of 188 children hospitalized for gastroenteritis in a two-year period (1981-1982) yielded Salmonella in 25.5%, Campylobacter in 16.0%, and Y. enterocolitica in 3.7% of cases. Rotavirus was identified in 22.3% of cases. Out of 82 lactose-positive microorganisms isolated from as many cases, three (one E. coli and two Klebsiella) produced heat-labile enterotoxin and two E. coli strains a "cytotoxic" toxin (in an HEp-2 in vitro model); two other E. coli strains possessed adhesive properties for HEp-2 cells in vitro; none revealed enteroinvasive for HEp-2 cells. Two out of 70 E. coli strains were EPEC. From stools of 643 childhood out-patients Salmonella was isolated in 9.6% of cases; Campylobacter and Y. enterocolitica in 9.0% and in 0.6% of cases respectively. Rotavirus was not looked for. Shigella strains were not isolated. Among 622 children without gastrointestinal symptoms, five (0.8%) excreted campylobacters and one (0.16%) salmonella. Children of 18-24 months of age were significantly more often infected with Campylobacter. Gross blood in feces, body temperature greater than 38 degrees C, and peripheral leukocytosis were significantly more often associated with Salmonella infection; vomiting and absence of blood in stools and of leukocytosis with rotavirus infection. Other features were not significantly associated with the etiological agent of the illness. Except for Salmonella infections, the enteritis cases did not show any pronounced seasonal pattern.
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PMID:A prospective etiological and clinical study on gastroenteritis in Italian children. 300 Apr 4

During a 20-month period 55 strains of Aeromonas species were isolated from 53 children with diarrhea. The isolation rate of 2.5% for Aeromonas compared with the rates of 4.5% for Shigella, 3.3% for Salmonella, 2.7% for Campylobacter and 0.05% for Yersinia. In 45 children Aeromonas was the sole bacterial enteropathogen identified. Aeromonas was also isolated from 2 (0.5%) of 380 asymptomatic children. Despite its known lack of identifiable virulence properties, Aeromonas caviae was the most prevalent species, accounting for 69% of the isolates. None of the A. caviae strains produced cytotoxin by the 51Cr release assay and 12.5% were weakly enterotoxigenic by the infant mouse assay. All of the Aeromonas sobria and 71% of Aeromonas hydrophila were positive for both toxins. Ninety-two percent of the children with Aeromonas-associated diarrhea were younger than 3 years; 84% of the cases were seen between May and October. The majority of the children had an acute onset of watery diarrhea. Fever and vomiting were most commonly associated with the isolation of A. sobria. Eight children had chronic or intermittent diarrhea lasting for weeks to months before consultation; A. caviae was the isolate in all these cases. Several complications possibly related to Aeromonas intestinal infection were observed. These included Gram-negative bacteremia, intussusception, internal hernia strangulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome and failure to thrive in patients with chronic diarrhea.
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PMID:Aeromonas-associated gastroenteritis in children. 334 Apr 60

By auramine and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, cryptosporidial oocysts were found in the stools of 31 (1.36%) out of 2,367 patients with diarrhoea. All specimens were also tested for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, and Rotavirus. Among these patients, 432 were children and 24 (5.5%) of them were positive for cryptosporidia. All children infected with cryptosporidia were immunocompetent. Watery diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain were the most frequent symptoms. The survey showed that in patients with gastroenteritis, cryptosporidial oocysts were found more commonly in the stools of children than in those of adults, and the prevalence of infection was the highest in August and September (16 cases). The epidemiological aspects and clinical significance are discussed.
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PMID:Cryptosporidial diarrhoea in children. 343 76

The relation between in vitro production of HeLa cell cytotoxin by strains of Shigella and clinical symptomatology was determined for 35 travelers from the United States who developed shigellosis in Guadalajara, Mexico. There were 25 patients with Shigella sonnei, eight with Shigella flexneri, one with Shigella boydii, and one with Shigella dysenteriae. These strains were evaluated for in vitro production of cytotoxin. The amount of cytotoxin did not correlate with the number of stools passed, the severity of abdominal pain, or the presence of nausea or vomiting. However, patients with strains of Shigella that produced more cytotoxic activity were more likely to have fever (P less than .02) and occult blood in their stools (P less than .004). The cytotoxicity produced by 30 (86%) strains could not be neutralized with rabbit antiserum to purified, formaldehyde-treated Shiga toxin from S. dysenteriae type 1 strain 60 R; the cytotoxicity of five (14%) of the strains was partially neutralized. When only nonneutralizable cytotoxin was considered, the presence of fecal leukocytes (P less than .04), as well as of occult blood (P less than .002) and fever (P less than .02), correlated with the amount of cytotoxin. The amount of nonneutralizable cytotoxin produced by shigella strains was related to the clinical findings. This cytotoxic activity was infrequently attributable to "Shiga toxin".
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PMID:The relation between production of cytotoxin and clinical features in shigellosis. 351 88

Prolonged oral or parenteral administration of antibiotics has led to the development of resistant strains of microorganisms. Bacteria acquire drug resistance by mutation, conjugation and transduction. Oral antibiotics by a process of selection pressure facilitate the proliferation of resistant population of bacteria. Drug resistant bacteria are capable of transferring their resistance to drugs to other bacteria by the process of transferable drug resistance (TDR). This can lead to multiple resistance to a vast number of therapeutically useful antibiotics which will, therefore, become ineffective for treatment. TDR can occur between pathogenic organism, between organism of different species, such as E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella; and also between pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms. Faecal contamination of meat during slaughter may result in the transfer of antibiotic resistant E. coli to the meat. In the human gut this E. coli could transfer resistance to other gut flora, namely E. coli or Salmonella. Antibiotic-resistant coliforms have been isolated from carcases, fresh and cooked meat, raw meat handlers and livestock handlers. Handling of raw market meat by buyers in Nigeria could also lead to contamination of meat with resistant microorganisms. Veterinary drugs are sold and used without much control in Nigeria. This practice may have created a population of resistant bacteria in the meat animals. The presence of antibiotic residues in meat, milk and their products pose potential health hazards for man. Allergic skin conditions, nausea, vomiting, anaphylactic shock and even death have resulted from the ingestion of residues. Cooking and freezing have minimal effect on residues. Resistance to antibiotics have been detected in food poisoning bacteria, namely Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens. Some epidemiological link has been established between S. typhimurium of calves and food poisoning in man. Judicious use of antibiotics, public education on the health risks of the promiscuous use of drugs in livestock production; and hygienic slaughter at the slaughter houses, will help to reduce bacterial drug resistance in man and animals.
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PMID:Bacterial drug resistance in meat animals: a review. 354 99

The clinico-pathological features of 515 adult patients admitted to a major Regional Infectious Diseases Unit in United Kingdom with the symptom complex of diarrhoea were compared to the pathogens detected in their stool specimens. Routine clinical examination supported by basic pathological and laboratory investigations identified 138 (28%) in whom the cause of diarrhoea was extragastrointestinal or non-infectious gastrointestinal. Of the 351 patients (72%) with infectious gastroenteritis 72 (21%) had campylobacter, 59 (17%) had salmonella (22% bacteraemic) and 16 (5%) shigella. Clostridium difficile toxin accounted for a further 15 (4%)--antibiotics had been the antecedent cause in only one half of these. Routine microscopical examination of the faeces for red and white cells distinguished many with "culture positive" diarrhoea from those with "culture negative" infectious diarrhoea. Although there are no clinico-pathological features which are unique to a particular pathogen and unequivocally suggest a particular pathogen, certain features did tend to present more often in association with particular microorganisms, and this knowledge may suggest a bacterial diagnosis whilst awaiting the definitive results of stool microbiology. These features include prior antimicrobial therapy with positive sigmoidoscopical/histological features: Cl. difficile; protracted diarrhoea in elderly severely dehydrated patients: salmonellosis; foreign travel in males with bloody diarrhoea: shigellosis; abdominal pain in younger patients with a small degree of vomiting: campylobacteriosis. Early diagnosis may then prove useful in rationalizing initial therapy, particularly the appropriate use of antimicrobials.
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PMID:A comparison of the clinico-pathological features with stool pathogens in patients hospitalised with the symptom of diarrhoea. 381 49

Report on a 12-year-old boy with diffuse abdominal pains, vomiting and lasting diarrhoea. All the usual bacteriological examinations for Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter were negative. Routine search for intestinal parasites by the MIF method was also negative. Cryptosporidium oocysts were, exceptionally, detected in stool smears from the two samples stained by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method.
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PMID:[Intestinal cryptosporidiosis: a rare diarrheal disease in man]. 404 16


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