Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty-four patients were submitted to the conventional cervical myelography by administration of metrizamide (Amipaque) through three routes (lumbar 23, suboccipital 6, C1-C2 lateral 5). After the injection of metrizamide (4-11 ml, 170-250 mgI/ml), all procedures of the cervical myelography were done as soon as possible within 9 minutes. The adverse reactions of Amipaque were observed in 29 cases (85%) out of 34 cases initially 1 hour after cervical myelography and disappeared completely in an average of 16 hours. The total number of the side effects was 140 incidences such as meningeal irritation (headache 18, nausea 17, vomiting 17), cerebellar signs (dizziness 11, dysarthria 8, tremor 5, bradylalia 2, dysmetria 2, tipsy feeling 2, dysdiadochokinesis 1), autonomic signs (flushing 7, pale face 4, fever 4, sweating 2, hiccup 2, fatigability 2, micturition disturbance 1), sensory signs (exacerbation of numbness 6, perioral numbness 3, back pain 1, chest pain 1), motor signs (focal muscle spasm 5, exacerbation of paresis 4, areflexia 1), psychiatric signs (dysphasia 3, disturbance of consciousness 2, euphoria 1, persecutory delusion 1) and muddiness 7. We observed that waxing and waning of side effects correlated tightly with transient cortical penetration of dye in CT and cortical dysfunction mainly slowing of the background activity and slow wave burst in EEG. According to high frequency of side effects in our study, we suggest that a greater incidence of side effects may result when high concentration of Amipaque comes in contact with the cerebral cortex by using an inadequate fluoroscopic table which has only fixed one plane image and rough positioning control. Slow absorption into blood stream may affect appearance and maintenance of side effects. In order to decrease side effects after Amipaque cervical myelography, we propose that we should introduce a mobile rotating chair coupled with high power image and chose C1-C2 lateral route using 1500-1700mgI of Amipaque.
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PMID:[Side effects of metrizamide (Amipaque) cervical myelography (author's transl)]. 711 May 15

This review analyses the therapeutic usefulness of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and its potential to induce adverse reactions on humans. During the last 30 years an enormous amount of research was carried out resulting in the disclosure of the cannabinoid system in Central Nervous System, with its CB(1) and CB(2) receptors, and the agonist anandamide. Under the clinical point of view, Delta(9)-THC produces some therapeutic benefits which are beyond reasonable doubt. Thus, the effects on nausea/emesis due to cancer chemotherapy, as appetite promoter, on some painful conditions and on symptoms of multiple sclerosis are clearly demonstrated. Delta(9)-THC is not devoid of ill effects. On the cognitive domain it impairs the human capacity to discriminate time intervals and space distances, vigilance, memory and the performance for mental work. On the psychic area Delta(9)-THC may induce unpleasant reactions such as disconnected thoughts, panic reactions, disturbing changes in perception, delusions and hallucinatory experiences. However, the long term effects on the psyche and cognition are not known as there are no reports of prolonged use of Delta(9)-THC. Actually, it has been proposed by WHO that Delta(9)-THC should be rescheduled to schedule IV of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Drugs, as it does not constitute a substantial risk to public health and its abuse is rare if at all.
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PMID:The good and the bad effects of (-) trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta 9-THC) on humans. 1599 Jan 41

In order to improve diagnosis of schizophrenia with onset in adolescents at an early stage, we investigated in detail the clinical features of 74 patients with schizophrenia, (23 males) at adolescents psychiatric clinic. Many of the subjects had been suffering from the illness about 14 years old but had not undergone their first psychiatric examination until a few years later. A high percentage (more than 80%) of our subjects presented psychiatric symptoms such as delusional remembrance, delusional moods, delusions of persecution and hypobulia. Additionally, more than 60% of our subjects presented auditory hallucinations. In general, teenage patients with schizophrenia onset show vague symptoms such as anxiety, embarrassment and strange moods rather than obvious hallucinations. Nevertheless, it was possible to identify certain clinical features of this disorder in adolescents: many patients suffer delusional remembrance, delusional moods and delusions of persecution immediately after the onset of the illness. Gradually, problematic behaviors such as anorexia, self injury, offences against their families, voluntary vomiting, etc., develop, but patients do not always receive psychiatric examination at this stage. After socially obvious problems such as school refusal, withdrawal from social activities and lowering of school record develop over a period of time, patients may be urged to undergo psychiatric examination. Our research again underlines the difficulty of achieving diagnosis of schizophrenia at an early stage. The key to early diagnosis appears to be the accurate identification of psychiatric symptoms in the early stages of the illness at school, or at home if possible, before socially problematic behaviors arise.
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PMID:[Relationship between the courses of clinical Features of patients with schizophrenia in adolescents and admission to psychiatric clinic]. 1638 83

Apomorphine, a non-ergot derivative, is a potent, directly acting dopamine receptor agonist with high affinity to D4, lower to D2, D3, D5, the lowest to D1-like dopamine receptors as well as to serotonin and adrenoreceptors. Subcutaneous apomorphine is currently used in Parkinson's disease as an add-on to levodopa therapy or monotherapy for management of sudden, unexpected and refractory to levodopa-induced off state and fluctuation in advanced stage of illness. Many clinical trials have shown markedly (about 50-72%) reduced time of off phases. Other indications include the challenge test for determining the dopaminergic responsiveness. Apomorphine is used subcutaneously either as intermittent rescue injections or continuous infusions. Several other routes - transdermal, sublingual, intranasal, rectal and intravenous infusion - have been tried. Oral administration is not recommended. Apomorphine has rapid onset of antiparkinsonian action, qualitatively comparable to that of levodopa, short duration of action and stable efficacy with usually mild adverse events similar to other dopamine agonists. Domperidone or trimethobenzamide should be introduced before starting apomorphine treatment to reduce occurrence of peripheral adverse events (nausea, vomiting, orthostatic hypotension). Dyskinesias, sleep disturbances, hallucinations, delusion, oedema and yawning can occur, but some side effects are connected only with a specific route (for example skin nodules appearing during subcutaneous administration). Despite its long history, apomorphine is registered and used in only a few countries. Apomorphine warrants wider application in treatment of advanced Parkinson disease but the high cost of the drug, the necessity of concomitant treatment for prevention of side effects and subcutaneous administration restrict its use.
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PMID:[Apomorphine in off state--clinical experience]. 1794 58

Dopamine receptor antagonists are commonly used to counter the adverse effects of opioids such as hallucinations, delusions and emesis. However, most of these agents themselves have side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms. Here, we investigated the effect of the dopamine system stabilizer aripiprazole on morphine-induced dopamine-related actions in mice. Morphine-induced hyperlocomotion and reward were significantly suppressed by either the dopamine receptor antagonist prochlorperazine or aripiprazole. Catalepsy was observed with a high dose of prochlorperazine, but not with an even higher dose of aripiprazole. The increased level of dialysate dopamine in the nucleus accumbens stimulated by morphine was significantly decreased by pretreatment with aripiprazole. These results suggest that the co-administration of aripiprazole may be useful for reducing the severity of morphine-induced dopamine-related side effects.
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PMID:Suppression of dopamine-related side effects of morphine by aripiprazole, a dopamine system stabilizer. 1895 42

Pituitary apoplexy indicates pituitary adenoma hemorrhage, which could result in acute pituitary insufficiency and mortality. The typical symptoms are headache, visual disturbance, nausea, vomiting, altered mental status, and panhypopituitarism. However, cortisol-induced hyperglycemia and acute delirium could be an initial presentation of a pituitary adenoma hemorrhage with stormy release of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone. A 28-year-old woman presented with severe vomiting, irritable state, and delusion. She had medical history of irregular menstrual cycles and marked body weight gain after her second childbirth 8 years ago. She was diagnosed of diabetic ketoacidosis 2 days before this visiting at local medical department. On physical examination, Cushing appearance without definite neurological deficit was disclosed. Further blood tests revealed high blood sugar, cortisol, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone levels without evidence of diabetic ketoacidosis. The brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed pituitary macroadenoma and pituitary hemorrhage. Cushing disease with pituitary apoplexy was then diagnosed. Conservative management with delayed neurosurgery was applied. The patient became clear with normalized cortisol and blood sugar levels soon after. Follow-up computed tomography scan of the brain revealed no progression of tumor bleeding or mass effect. To our knowledge, pituitary apoplexy associated with cortisol-induced hyperglycemia and acute delirium has never been reported before. This case reminds us of pituitary apoplexy and its rare manifestations.
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PMID:Pituitary apoplexy associated with cortisol-induced hyperglycemia and acute delirium. 1909 Dec 87

The prolactin, cortisol and growth hormone (GH) responses to intravenous administration of 25 mg clomipramine (CMI) were studied in young male psychotic patients who had never received neuroleptics and suffered from schizophrenia (13 patients), delusional disorder (three patients) or schizoaffective disorder (one patient). The test was repeated after 1 month in 16 patients who were hospitalized and treated with haloperidol in doses appropriate for best clinical response (range: 7.5-40 mg daily). Symptomatology was assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). There was no association of the side effects caused by the administration of CMI (nausea and emesis) to the GH responses. The side effects appeared significantly less in the after treatment trials. Treatment with haloperidol did not influence the response patterns of the three hormones. An indication that high haloperidol doses may inhibit the prolactin response to CMI was obtained when the data were compared between low (7.5-10 mg/day, mean 9.7) and high (15-40 mg/day, mean 22.0) dose subgroups. Significant positive correlations were found between the prolactin and cortisol responses to CMI in the drug-free state, and the scores in the positive symptoms subscale of the BPRS. The degree of improvement did not correlate to any of the hormonal data.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine responsivity to clomipramine challenge test in neuroleptic naive psychotic patients before and after treatment with haloperidol. 1969 52

Zolpidem is available in immediate-release (IR) and controlled-release (CR) formulations. This investigation examined whether there were differences in zolpidem IR and CR ingestions reported to poison control centers. Zolpidem ingestions that did not involve co-ingestants reported to Texas poison control centers during 2005-2008 were identified. The ingestions were grouped by IR and CR formulations and compared with respect to demographic and clinical factors. There were 734 IR and 163 CR ingestions. The mean dose ingested was 92.9 mg and 104.6 mg, respectively. IR and CR cases were, respectively, 56.9% and 58.3% male, 54.6% and 49.7% age >19 years, 65.0% and 65.0% already at or en route to a health care facility when the poison control center was contacted, and 30.1% and 39.3% involved no effect. The most frequently reported adverse clinical effects were, for IR and CR, respectively, drowsiness (54.4% vs 42.3%), tachycardia (10.6% vs 11.7%), ataxia (6.3% vs 11.7%), slurred speech (6.3% vs 6.7%), vomiting (5.0% vs 5.5%) and hallucinations/delusions (4.9% vs 3.1%). The distribution of zolpidem IR and CR ingestions reported to Texas poison control centers were similar. However, zolpidem CR ingestions appeared less likely to result in drowsiness and hallucinations but more likely to result in ataxia.
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PMID:Immediate- and controlled-release zolpidem ingestions reported to Texas poison centers. 1973 12

Carisoprodol (N-isopropyl-2 methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate; N-isopropylmeprobamate) is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose primary active metabolite is meprobamate, a substance with well established abuse potential similar to that of benzodiazepines. A number of reports show that carisoprodol has been abused for its sedative and relaxant effects, to augment or alter the effects of other drugs, and by the intentional combination of carisoprodol and other noncontrolled medications because of the relative ease (as compared to controlled substances) of obtaining prescriptions. The diversion and abuse of carisoprodol and its adverse health effects appear to have dramatically increased over the last several years. Clinicians have begun to see a withdrawal syndrome consisting of insomnia, vomiting, tremors, muscle twitching, anxiety, and ataxia in patients who abruptly cease intake of large doses of carisoprodol. Hallucinations and delusions may also occur. The withdrawal symptoms are very similar to those previously described for meprobamate withdrawal, suggesting that what may actually be occurring is withdrawal from meprobamate accumulated as a result of intake of excessive amounts of carisoprodol. However carisoprodol itself is capable of modulating GABA(A) function, and this may contribute both to the drugs abuse potential and to the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome with abrupt cessation of intake. Carisoprodol has been classified as a controlled substance in several states in the US and restrictions on the use of the drug have been imposed in some European countries. Carisoprodol is metabolized to a controlled substance, has clear evidence of abuse potential and increasing incidence of abuse, and has shown evidence of a withdrawal syndrome with abrupt cessation from intake. This article will discuss the abuse potential of carisoprodol and the associated withdrawal syndrome, and consider implications for future use of the drug.
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PMID:Carisoprodol: abuse potential and withdrawal syndrome. 2008 17

Pramipexole is a nonergolinic dopamine agonist, with high affinity for the D2 subfamily of dopamine receptors. Pramipexole is efficacious for the symptomatic treatment of early Parkinson's Disease (PD) and its early use, before that of levodopa can delay the emergence of levodopa-related motor complication. Dosage should be increased gradually from a starting dose of 0.375 mg/day up to a maximum of 4.5 mg/day in equally divided doses taken three times per day with pramipexole immediate-release or equivalent daily dosages once-daily with pramipexole extended-release. Pramipexole can also improve depressive symptoms and possibly health-related quality of life in PD. Nonetheless, its use is not devoid of tolerability problems. While peripheral adverse drug reactions, such as nausea, vomiting or orthostatic hypotension, can be effectively treated and usually pose few problems to most patients, neuropsychiatric events can seriously limit the use of pramipexole in some cases. Indeed, excessive daytime somnolence, impulse-control disorders, hallucinations or delusions can severely affect patients, causing important personal or social handicap. Patients should be informed about the risk of such neuropsychiatric complications and their presence should be actively detected at each consultation. More effort will have to be put into further studying the risk-benefit ratio of pramipexole and other dopamine agonists in the treatment of early PD.
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PMID:Pramipexole for the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. 2172 9


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