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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In an attempt to obviate the need for intravenous fluids by preventing dehydration, 57 adult volunteers who experienced induced clinical cholera during a vaccine development programme were treated from the onset of diarrhoea with oral glucose-electrolytes therapy. 44 individuals with mild to moderately profuse diarrhoea (less than 8 L. total volume) were maintained in normal water and electrolyte balance with oral therapy alone. 13 individuals with severe diarrhoea (greater than 8 L. total volume) could not be maintained in balance with oral therapy alone, due chiefly to emesis during the first day of illness. Emesis occurred in the absence of significant dehydration or acidosis. Since emesis precludes effective early oral therapy in severe cases, domiciliary oral therapy is unlikely to eliminate cholera mortality. Rural diarrhoea treatment centres using oral therapy with limited amounts of intravenous fluids when needed, could reduce case fatality from cholera and related diarrhoeas virtually to zero with least expense.
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PMID:The problem of emesis during oral glucose-electrolytes therapy given from the onset of severe cholera. 44 66

Campylobacter jejuni/coli has recently become recognized as a common bacterial cause of diarrhea. Infection can occur at any age. The usual incubation period of campylobacter enteritis is 2 to 5 days. Fever, diarrhea and abdominal pain are the most common clinical features. The stools frequently contain mucus and, a few days after the onset of symptoms, frank blood. Significant vomiting and dehydration are uncommon. A rapid presumptive laboratory diagnosis may be made during the acute phase of the illness by direct phase-contrast microscopy of stools. Isolation of the organism from stools requires culture in a selective medium containing antibiotics and incubation under reduced oxygen tension at 42 degrees C. The organism persists in the stools of untreated patients for up to 7 weeks following the onset of symptoms. Erythromycin may produce a rapid clinical and bacteriologic cure, and should be used to treat moderately to severely ill patients as well as patients with compromised host defences. The emergence of erythromycin-resistant strains requires close monitoring. The epidemiologic aspects of campylobacter enteritis will be fully understood only when methods become available for differentiating strains of C. jejuni/coli. The historical background and current knowledge of campylobacter enteritis are reviewed in this paper.
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PMID:Campylobacter enteritis. 45 9

It is today's general medical opinion that children's diabetes mellitus was uncommon in the past. It was generally admitted at that time the initail stages were so sudden as to make difficut its early diagnosis. It's increased incidence is at present an alarming truth; however, a parallel increase of diabetic coma or of mulminant types has rather dropped. Diabetes may be diagnosed by just considering the main symptoms at the onset which are polydipsia, polyuria and weight loss. If an early diagnosis is not made, acidosis (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting) may appear within a few days or weeks followed by coma (Kussamul's acidotic respiration and dehydration). Coma may be avoided by an early diagnosis and a life may be saved. It must be stressed that an important percentage of children and adolescents show a slow and gradual evolution (week or months) of their diabetes: gradual weight loss, sometimes with noticeable polyphagia, occasional enuresis, but without other associated symptoms. Asymptomatic, intermittent glucosurias are also frequent; they vary in magnitude an almost always they appear without ketonuria and with fasting normal glycemia. According to our experience they may precede in weeks or months the clinical manifestations of the disease. Postprandial glycemia is a sure diagnostic resource; it is of greater trustworthines than fasting glycemia; therefore we advise it as a routine diagnostic procedure which we recommend widely. In uncertain situations, the oral glucose tolerance test is advisable.
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PMID:[Diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence. Clinical types]. 48 58

Gastroenteritis due to Salmonella enteritis is an endemic disease in our region, extraintestinal manifestations however are rare. We report a 8 years old girl who presented after 4 days of an unspecific diarrheal disease with watery liquid stools, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever above 39 Grad C and symptoms and signs of an acute abdominal emergency. Mid abdominal laparotomy disclosed a cholecystitis with reactive peritonitis. Cultures of bile showed Salmonella group B as the causative organism. Cholecystectomy was performed, postoperatively Gentamycin later Chloramphenicol was administered. The postoperative course was unremarkable. Cholecystitis is a rare disease in pediatrics. Gallstones don't seem to play a roll in the etiology unlike in adults. It usually follow serious systemic infections or postoperatively after unrelated abdominal surgery due to overgrowth of the biliary system and organisms contaminating the upper gastrointestinal tract (biliary stasis, dehydration). Salmonella enteritidis as a cause of a cholecystitis is a rare event.
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PMID:[Salmonella-cholecystitis (author's transl)]. 53 Jul 33

Six cats were given chloramphenicol orally at the dose level of 120/mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 14 days and were then observed for another 3 weeks after treatment. Five other cats were used as untreated controls for the first 14 days and subsequently were given 60 mg of chloramphenicol/kg/day for 21 days. Clinical signs of toxicosis, which were more severe in cats given the higher dose level, included central nervous system depression, dehydration, reduced food intake, body weight loss, sporadic diarrhea, and vomiting. In cats given the higher dose level, chloramphenicol caused reversible marrow suppression, with marrow hypoplasia, maturation arrest of erythroid cells, and inhibition of mitotic activity, and caused vacuolation of lymphocytes and of early myeloid and erythroid cells. Significant changes were evident in bone marrow after treatment for 1 week and in peripheral blood at the end of the 2nd week. Hematologic changes included decreased numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes, reticulocytes, and platelets. In cats given the lower dose level, changes in blood and bone marrow were similar but less severe.
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PMID:Chloramphenicol toxicosis in cats. 56 24

A boy with pseudohypoaldosteronism was followed from birth to the age of 7 years. Failure to thrive, vomiting, dehydration, hyponatraemia and urinary sodium loss were prominent findings. Urinary excretion of corticosteroid metabolites was normal. Before treatment, excessively high plasma renin concentration was found, associated with a marked activation of aldosterone secretion. A renal biopsy showed pronounced hypertrophy of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Persisting metabolic acidosis and an insufficient urinary acidifying capacity suggested the presence of distal renal tubular acidosis. Treatment with sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride from 19 to 31 months of age resulted in normal growth and normal physical and mental development. The plasma electrolytes were normalized but a pronounced activation of the renin-aldosterone system persisted after therapy, and on sodium restriction this system responded with a considerable further activation.
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PMID:Pseudohypoaldosteronism. Clinical, biochemical and morphological studies in a long-term follow-up. 62 83

In an effort to determine the relation of breast versus bottle feeding to hospitalization for gastroenteritis, children hospitalized for gastroenteritis at the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Center in California were compared with a larger normal population of children discharged from the Center's nursery, for incidence of breast feeding. All infants under 12 months of age admitted to the hospital with acute gastroenteritis between January 1, 1973 and December 31, 1975 were identified. All infants had an acute onset of diarrhea and weight loss, some with vomiting. Variable degrees of clinical dehydration also occurred. 107 infants were admitted during the period of study. The type of feeding--breast or bottle--was obtained from the patients' admission history, nursery records, outpatient clinic charts, or by direct contact with parents. Of the 197 patients admitted with acute gastroenteritis during the study period, only 1 was being breast fed at the time of admission. 40 infants were under 6 months of age. Breast feeding accounted for 28 percent of the infant-months in the 0-6 month age group. The lower than predicted incidence of acute gastroenteritis in the breast fed infants was statistically significant. Although about 1/3 of the bottle fed infants had started breast feeding at birth, all had been switched to the bottle at least 1 month prior to hospitalization. The study data strongly indicate that breast feeding plays a major role in protection against intestinal infections.
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PMID:Relation of breast versus bottle feeding to hospitalization for gastroenteritis in a middle-class U.S. population. 63 81

The use of jejunum in conduit urinary diversion may lead to electrolyte disturbances, characterized by hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia, acidosis, and azotemia, and a clinical picture of nausea, vomiting, dehydration, anorexia, and lethargy. Four out of six patients deviated with a jejunal loop developed this syndrome, the cause of which is discussed. It is concluded that the use of jejunum in urinary diversion should be avoided.
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PMID:Electrolyte distrubances after jejunal conduit urinary diversion. 63 83

Two examples of renal papillary necrosis in the tiger are described. The necrosis was characterised by large zones of liquefaction with minimal inflammation and was associated with pronouced scarring in the cortex. Both animals had been vomiting terminally and were severely dehydrated. It is suggested that papillary necrosis was precipitated by the reduced renal perfusion associated with dehydration in kidneys in which the medullary blood supply was already compromised by chronic cortical scarring. Comparisons are made between the lesions described in these tigers and those reported in the domestic cat, man and other domestic animals.
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PMID:Renal papillary necrosis in the tiger. 65 37

A newborn boy (birth weight 2550 g) presented from the first days of life with poor drinking, moderate vomiting and persistent weight loss. On hospital admission at age 4 weeks, there were severe dehydration, dystrophy and electrolyte disturbances (Na 107, Cl 80, K 5,4 mval/l). The usual causes of salt wasting were excluded, but plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide were markedly increased. DOCA had no salt-retaining effect, but a sodium chloride supplement of 3 g per day improved the clinical condition dramatically and normalized the electrolyte values. With this treatment, plasma renin activity and aldosterone were normal or almost normal beyond the age of 6.5 months, but urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide remained slightly increased. Considerable augmentation of the plasma renin activity and of urinary aldosterone-18-glucuronide, but no clear salt loss were induced by spironolactone. With salt restriction, there was evidence for marked salt loss. Its progress could be inhibited by administration of indomethacin. Since indomethacin inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins with saluretic activity, it is probable that the prostaglandins participate in the pathogenesis of the salt wasting in pseudohypoaldosteronism.
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PMID:Congenital pseudohypoaldosteronism: case report and review. Effect of indomethacin during sodium chloride depletion. 65 59


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