Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred among visitors at a hotel with a swimming pool, gymnasium, and other sports facilities, in northern Nagano Prefecture. The outbreak began in late August, peaked on August 27 and 28, and tapered off at the beginning of September 2004. On August 30, 288 clinical cases with digestive symptoms, including watery diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and tenesmus, were reported to local authorities. Among case-patients who submitted stool samples, 74 were positive for Cryptosporidium. Descriptive epidemiology, environmental investigations, and laboratory tests suggested that a fecal accident in the swimming pool by swimmers infected before attending the summer training camp was thought to be the source of contamination, and case-patients were mostly among swimmers. Some other clinical-cases had no history of swimming in the pool during their stay and likely were infected through drinking contaminated self-made sports drinks dissolved in water from contaminated faucets and/or sinks nearby the gymnasium toilet. The sink was used to deal with the aftermath of a toilet accident at the entrance of the toilet by a swimming school attendee on August 21. This report is, to our knowledge, the first of a cryptosporidiosis outbreak associated with swimming pools in Japan.
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PMID:[An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with swimming pools]. 1830 73

In March 2007 Galway City and County's water supply was officially contaminated by cryptosporidiosis. The medical and nursing staff at the city's only Emergency Department had noted a rise in an atypical form of gastroenteritis in the preceding months. A retrospective audit of 11,723 charts from January 1st 2007 to 22nd March (day after contamination was confirmed) was performed to identify these patients. The number of potential gastroenteritis cases was 185 (incidence 1.6%), with a peak five weeks before the outbreak was confirmed. Half the patients were aged between 20 and 34. Pain (80%), nausea or vomiting (74%) and diarrhoea (66.5%) were the most frequent symptoms. The mean duration of symptoms at presentation was 2 days. Stool samples were sent for nine patients and four of these were tested for Cryptosporidium. Over a quarter (28.6%) of patients were admitted and almost three-quarters (69.7% +/- 7%) had a residential address in the affected area. Difficulty exists in the early identification of new outbreaks and many of the affected patients are not detected using routine surveillance or current capture methods.
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PMID:The impact of a contaminated city water supply on an emergency department. 1854 May 44

Sixty cryptosporidiosis patients from Mansoura University Hospitals, 36 males and 24 females, with age from few months to ten years (mean age 6.1) were divided into three cross-matched groups of 20 patients each. All patients received the glutamine-based oral rehydration solution with 111 mmol/l glutamine, 20 mg zinc acetate once a day and vitamin A supplementation (200,000 IU) once a day for 2 weeks. For cryptosporidiosis treatment, G1 received Mirazid (10 mg/kg for 2 weeks), G2 received Paromomycin (500 mg qid for 2 weeks), and G3 received a combination of Mirazid (10 mg/kg) and Paromomycin (500 mg) for two weeks. The result was assessed according to the scales: 0 = no improvement, 1 = symptoms began improvement (reduction of diarrhea frequency and stool volume, less abdominal pain, less nausea & vomiting), 2 = diarrhea eradication, 3 = weight gain, 4 = oocyst counts reduction, 5 = reduction in diarrhea and oocyst counts, 6 = eradication of diarrhea and oocysts. G3 showed significantly higher difference than G1 & G2 in the 1st week (p = .036, 0.025 respectively), no significant difference in 2nd week, a significantly higher difference than in G1 (0.003), & G2 (0.006) in 3rd week, and a significantly higher difference than G1 (0.014), & G2 (0.01) in 4th week, but without significant differences in oocyst shedding in the 3 groups.
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PMID:Mirazid alone or combined with Paromomycin in treating cryptosporidiosis parvum in immunocompetent hospitalized patients. 1885 15

Cryptosporidium spp. is known to cause heavy diarrhea especially in immunosuppressed patients. In this study, eighty nine leukemia and lymphoma patients between the ages of 1 to 14 were studied for the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis using both ELISA (Cryptosporidium Rida Screen, R-Biopharm, Germany) and the Kinyoun acid-fast staining method. These patients were sent to us by the Hematology-Oncology department where they were diagnosed with leukemia and lymphoma. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 11 patients (12.35%) with ELISA and in 7 patients (7.86%) with the Kinyoun acid fast stain. No cryptosporidiosis was detected in the control groups of 60 patients with neoplasia but without diarrhea. The distribution of Cryptosporidium among positive samples were 7 (14.8%) in patients who were diagnosed with ALL, 3 (10%) in patients who were diagnosed with KML, and 1 (8.3%) in patients who were diagnosed with solid tumors. Sixty-five patients (73.03%) had a fever, 43 patients (48.31%) were vomiting and 58 patients (65.16%) had stomach pain. Except for two, all the patients responded positively to paromomycin treatment. Those two patients responded positively to azitromycine treatment. We suggest that when considering cryptosporidiosis in children with cancer, the use of a more sensitive and specific method such as ELISA- in addition to the acid fast stain should be considered.
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PMID:[The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in children who were diagnosed with leukemia and lymphoma]. 1898 69

Molecular and epidemiological studies of Cryptosporidium infections amongst 28 Cuban children (aged 2-8 years) with diarrhoea are described. As few of the younger infected children but most of the older infected children had been breastfed, short-term protection from maternal antibodies passed to infants during breastfeeding may result in a lack of cryptosporidial infection in infancy. This protection of breastfeeding children may, however, result in such children developing less anti-Cryptosporidium immunity of their own (than their bottle-fed counterparts), so that, by school age, the children who had been breastfed are those most likely to be found infected. In the present study, in contrast with the observations made during a previous study of cryptosporidiosis in Cuban children, vomiting was rare (7%) whereas abdominal pain was common (57%). These differences in expression of symptoms between studies may be age-related. As seen in other studies from similar countries, including those of the Caribbean and Latin America, C. hominis was found to predominate, the results of the successful molecular analyses revealing 10 C. hominis infections but no C. parvum. Subgenotyping (at the gp60 locus) indicated that the C. hominis infections included a wide range of subtypes, with isolates from three subtype families (Ia, Ib and Id) being detected.
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PMID:Molecular and epidemiological investigations of cryptosporidiosis in Cuban children. 1900 Mar 83

Cryptosporidium sp. is an opportunistic protozoan parasite that may infect animals and humans, causing asymptomatic to severe intestinal infections, according to the immunological response of the hosts. The present work had the objective to determine the risk factors involved on Cryptosporidium sp. infection in dogs from Campos dos Goytacazes City on Rio de Janeiro State; and the frequency of this protozoan. Independent of sex, age, consistency and health of dogs, 200 feces samples were analyzed. Data were obtained using a questionnaire with the dogs owners. Feces were analyzed with an optical microscope after the concentration by modified Ritchie technique and coloring with the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Association tests through c2 and multiple logistic regression analysis were made. Among the 200 dogs analyzed, 90 (45%) showed oocysts of Cryptosporidium genus in the feces. The conclusion was that the occurrence of asymptomatic cryptosporidiosis in dogs from the City of Campos dos Goytacazes is high. The risk factors involved are the social level of the owner, presence of cats and sporadic stage of vomiting and diarrhea. The final model detected the risk factors by social level, other animals, regions of the city, kind of residence, sporadic stage of vomiting and diarrhea.
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PMID:[Risk factors of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in household dogs of Campos dos Goytacazes City on Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil]. 2005 59

An approximately one-and-a-half-year-old, neutered male, mixed-breed dog was presented for a chronic history of vomiting. Profuse diarrhea was also noted during examination. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, bone chips were removed from the stomach, and a raised, circular area of gastric mucosa was biopsied. Histologically, there was severe gastric cryptosporidiosis as well as numerous spiral bacteria, consistent with Helicobacter spp. Polymerase chain reaction revealed visible bands for the 18S ribosomal RNA gene for Cryptosporidium spp. The polymerase chain reaction product was sequenced and was found to be most similar to Cryptosporidium muris. Both the gastric location and the species of Cryptosporidium are unusual in a dog.
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PMID:Diagnostic exercise: chronic vomiting in a dog. 2057 71

The United Kingdom (UK) has several national syndromic surveillance systems. The Health Protection Agency (HPA)/NHS Direct syndromic surveillance system uses pre-diagnostic syndromic data from a national telephone helpline, while the HPA/QSurveillance national surveillance system uses clinical diagnosis data extracted from general practitioner (GP)-based clinical information systems. Data from both of these systems were used to monitor a local outbreak of cryptosporidiosis that occurred following Cryptosporidium oocyst contamination of drinking water supplied from the Pitsford Reservoir in Northamptonshire, United Kingdom, in June 2008. There was a peak in the number of calls to NHS Direct concerning diarrhoea that coincided with the incident. QSurveillance data for the local areas affected by the outbreak showed a significant increase in GP consultations for diarrhoea and gastroenteritis in the week of the incident but there was no increase in consultations for vomiting. A total of 33 clinical cases of cryptosporidiosis were identified in the outbreak investigation, of which 23 were confirmed as infected with the outbreak strain. However, QSurveillance data suggest that there were an estimated 422 excess diarrhoea cases during the outbreak, an increase of about 25% over baseline weekly levels. To our knowledge, this is the first time that data from a syndromic surveillance system, the HPA/QSurveillance national surveillance system, have been able to show the extent of such a small outbreak at a local level. QSurveillance, which covers about 38% of the UK population, is currently the only GP database that is able to provide data at local health district (primary care trust) level. The Cryptosporidium contamination incident described demonstrates the potential usefulness of this information, as it is unusual for syndromic surveillance systems to be able to help monitor such a small-scale outbreak.
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PMID:Value of syndromic surveillance in monitoring a focal waterborne outbreak due to an unusual Cryptosporidium genotype in Northamptonshire, United Kingdom, June - July 2008. 2073 99

The occurrence of a gastrointestinal illness among a class of 96 undergraduate veterinary students in New Zealand prompted laboratory and questionnaire-based investigations. Cryptosporidium parvum was the only enteropathogen identified in 4/7 faecal specimens analysed. The C. parvum isolates carried a rare IIa GP60 allele, indicating a point-source outbreak. The infection source could not be microbiologically traced, but the investigation suggested contact with calves during a practical class as the most likely exposure. A total of 25/80 respondents to a questionnaire were defined as cases using a clinical case definition (31% attack rate). The inferred median incubation period was 5 days (range 0-11 days), and the median illness duration was 5-6 days (range 2-23 days), corroborating previous observations in experimental cryptosporidiosis. Disease was self-limiting, characterized by abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea, and in some cases, vomiting. Originating from a rural area and having had previously handled ruminants were associated with a significant risk reduction in males. All the three students who reported chronic use of steroid inhalers for treatment of asthma were cases. This case highlighted, once again, the potential hazard for explosive outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis.
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PMID:Retrospective cohort study of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis caused by a rare Cryptosporidium parvum subgenotype. 2108 35

An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred in a mixed sheep/cattle farm of Central Italy in October 2011. A total of 450 ovines (250 sheep and 200 lambs) and 140 bovines (130 cows and 10 calves) were housed in two separated units, at the time of the outbreak. About half of the lambs had diarrhea due to Cryptosporidium sp. with a mortality rate of 80%; calves were not infected. Genomic DNA was extracted from an archived slide and from fecal specimens, and the parasite was identified as Cryptosporidium parvum by PCR and sequence analysis at the CpA135 gene. Genotyping at the GP60 gene showed the presence of a very rare genotype, IIaA20G2R1. Shortly after the outbreak was identified, the son of the farm's owner, aged 18 months, experienced an acute gastroenteritis and was hospitalized due to recurrent episodes of diarrhea, fever, vomiting and lack of appetite. The feces tested negative for bacteria and viruses, whereas cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed by microscopy and an immunochromatographic test. Molecular typing identified the C. parvum genotype IIaA20G2R1 in the feces of the child. This is the first case of transmission of cryptosporidiosis in Italy involving lambs as source of oocysts infectious to humans.
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PMID:A rare Cryptosporidium parvum genotype associated with infection of lambs and zoonotic transmission in Italy. 2295 78


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