Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pharmacology, in vitro mycologic activity, toxicity, and efficacy of ketoconazole were studied in a Phase-II evaluation by the National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease Mycoses Study Group. This report emphasizes the toxicity and clinical response data in 52 patients with the following systemic mycoses: blastomycosis in 16 patients; nonmeningeal coccidioidomycosis in 13; histoplasmosis in 8; nonmeningeal cryptococcosis in 7; sporotrichosis in 7; and both blastomycosis and nonmeningeal coccidioidomycosis in 1. Maximum daily doses of ketoconazole were 100 mg in 1 patient; 200 mg in 23; 400 mg in 12; and 600 mg in 16. In 52% of the patients, duration of therapy ranged from less than 1 to 6 months, whereas in 35%, duration ranged from 7 to 12 months, and in 13%, from 12 to 22 months. In 35 patients (67%), evidence of toxicity was not seen. Nausea, anorexia, or vomiting occurred in 21%. Cure or marked improvement was shown in 27 patients (52%), whereas failure of the primary course was seen in 14 (27%) and relapse after ketoconazole was discontinued in 11 (21%). Although this evaluation did not provide clear-cut clinical response data, our results indicate that ketoconazole, in the dosage regimens used, was more effective in patients with histoplasmosis and nonmeningeal cryptococcosis than in patients with blastomycosis and nonmeningeal coccidioidomycosis, and least effective in patients with sporotrichosis.
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PMID:Treatment of systemic mycoses with ketoconazole: emphasis on toxicity and clinical response in 52 patients. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases collaborative antifungal study. 629 61

Fastidious enteric adenovirus have recently been recognized as an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. Their inability to grow in vitro has hampered classification by conventional methods. With modern immunological and chemical techniques the enteric adenoviruses have been shown to be distinct from the 39 established human adenovirus serotypes. In a prospective study of the viral, bacterial and parasitic aetiology of acute gastroenteritis 410 children and 205 age-matched controls were studied. An enteropathogenic agent was detected in 67% of the diarrhoeic patients and 57% were of viral origin. Rotavirus was the major agent found in 43% of the patients whereas adenovirus was found in 13%. Of the 50 adenovirus specimens, so far fully characterized by electron microscopy, ELISA-assays, DNA-restriction analysis and isolation studies 70% were identified as enteric adenoviruses. Two serotypes, adeno 40 and 41, were detected representing the new subgroups F and G. Twelve of 17 paired serum specimens, from children with enteric adenovirus showed a significant rise in hemagglutination inhibition titers. Infection with enteric adenoviruses showed 2 small seasonal peaks in summer and late winter. Infection occurred early in life, 85% of the children aged less than 3 years. Diarrhoea was the main symptom with an average duration of 9 days. Adenovirus type 41 seemed to cause diarrhoea of longer duration. Fever and vomiting was mild with a mean of 2 days. Respiratory symptoms occurred in 20% of the cases. The incubation period could be estimated as 7 days. Virus was excreted for 10-14 days.
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PMID:Two new serotypes of enteric adenovirus causing infantile diarrhoea. 630 84

148 newborns of non-atopic and 329 newborns of atopic parents were included in a five-year follow-up study of atopic diseases. The prevalence of atopic diseases at five years of age is compared to environmental factors, which may be involved in the development of atopic diseases. There was no significant correlation between the development of atopic disease and the following factors: the nature of the immediate environment (industrial, agricultural, rural, urban, arboreal, lake-district); building materials, heating systems and general state of repair of the houses, including its interior decoration; the presence of pets, plants, humidifiers or cigarette smoke. There was, however, one exception: in both family groups the avoidance of woollen garments and bed clothes before the outbreak of atopic symptoms was associated with the increased prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. The cause of this association remained uncertain. Children with atopic diathesis are known to frequently display skin intolerance to wool. Therefore, wool avoidance in a family may only indicate that the child was potentially atopic. Atopic children suffered from ear infections and vomiting more often than control children. The incidence of ear infections was also increased amongst children with a positive family history of atopy, even if no atopic disease was diagnosed in the child himself. Although breast fed infants tended to have less infectious diseases than those weaned early, ear infections were equally common in all feeding groups. This is further evidence, that in part of the cases of recurrent ear infections, atopy should be considered as a possible etiologic factor.
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PMID:Environmental allergens and morbidity in atopic and non-atopic families. 646 33

Telephone enquiries to a large paediatric institution were monitored over a 4 week period. Of the 1764 calls handled during this period (an average of 63 per day), over 75% sought advice regarding symptoms of illness in their children. The commonest were to do with vomiting and diarrhoea, fever, infectious disease, respiratory symptoms and feeding problems. It is suggested that it is no longer appropriate for such calls to be handled in an ad hoc manner as is the custom in most hospitals, but that specific telephone protocols be developed and evaluated to address this important area of paediatric consultation.
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PMID:Paediatric telephone consultation--a neglected area of health service delivery. 646 26

Giardia lamblia is the first protozoan to be identified and recognized as an important pathogen in human disease. We studied 8 pediatric patients with giardiasis in order to examine the clinical spectrum, the structural changes of the small intestinal mucosa and mainly the protozoan's ultrastructural features. The most common clinical manifestations were diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting, failure to thrive. Infection was confirmed by excreted cysts in the stools in one patient, by the presence of trophozoites in duodenal aspirate and on jejunal mucosa. Giardiasis was not associated with hypogammaglobulinemia in our patients and no or only slight mucosal abnormalities were present in jejunal biopsies, except one which showed a flat mucosa. Specimens for transmissions and scanning electron microscopy were taken. We could establish the protozoan's features, its normal distribution, its relationship to intestinal mucosa and structural indications of the normal reaction of intestine with the use of ultrastructural techniques. The trophozoites colonized the proximal intestine, adhered to microvilli of columnar cells near the bases of villi, wedged or lodged in mucus. The sticky mucus producing an effective diffusion barrier to nutrients could explain malabsorption phenomena. Numerous intraluminal lymphocytes were seen, suggesting an immune response. These observations indicate that in giardiasis the clinical spectrum and structural changes of the small intestinal mucosa vary widely, suggesting a different reaction of immune system and/or a different degree of infection.
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PMID:[Giardiasis in children. Ultrastructural study of the parasite]. 664 80

Clinical evaluations of ampicillin (ABPC) suppository (KS-R1) were performed in 9 cases with infectious diseases in the pediatric field and the following results were obtained; When 2.7 mg/kg of KS-R1 was rectally administered to 1 case, the plasma levels of ABPC were 3.9 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 2.2 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes and 1.2 micrograms/ml at 60 minutes after administration. The urinary excretion rate within 6 hours was 5.0%. Clinical effects of KS-R1 were examined in 6 cases (4 cases of tonsillitis and 2 cases of urinary tract infection) at the dose of 20 approximately 50 mg/kg/day for 3 approximately 7 days. Clinical responses were excellent in 4 cases, good in 1 case and poor in 1 case (tonsillitis). As to the side effects, slight increase of eosinophil was observed in 1 case, but no diarrhea, perianal redness and eruption were observed. Since discharge ratio of KS-R1 within 5 minutes was 11.0%, the tolerance of KS-R1 was considered to be good. From the above results, KS-R1 is useful for treating the pediatric patients with various infections, who refuse to oral administration or are impossible to give oral administration because of vomiting and are multiple handicapped ones.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1)]. 665 16

Fifty-five patients with ECHO virus type 30 meningitis were admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit, Edinburgh City Hospital between August and December 1980. There was a preponderance of males and patients aged 10-15 years. The peak admission rate was about two weeks earlier than that recorded for Scotland as a whole. Helpful diagnostic findings were headache, fever, photophobia, vomiting and nuchal rigidity but not Kernig's sign. Only one patient had a rash. The majority of patients were admitted within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. The CSF pleiocytosis was high and tended to be polymorphonuclear in type. CSF glucose concentrations were all normal. There were no serious sequelae. The considerable morbidity reported after leaving hospital emphasises the importance of adequate convalescence.
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PMID:ECHO virus type 30 meningitis in Edinburgh. 686 96

A double-blind study was designed to test the hypothesis that local side-effects during i. v. administration of erythromycin lactobionate depend on the drug concentration and that they can therefore be minimized by dissolving erythromycin in a larger infusion volume. Forty healthy students were assigned in a randomized sequence to four 30 min infusions: 120 and 250 ml of erythromycin lactobionate (1 g in 0.9% NaCl) and 120 and 250 ml of placebo (0.9% NaCl). An unexpectedly high incidence (95% and 80% for the infusion volumes of 120 and 250 ml, respectively) of severe systemic side-effects was observed during the first 79 infusions. Because all of these systemic side-effects were associated with the infusion of erythromycin, the study was terminated at this point. Side-effects included abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and profuse sweating. The postulated positive effect of lower erythromycin concentrations in the infusion on local side-effects (pain at the infusion site, erythema) was marginal (63% vs. 45%). Compared to the systemic side-effects, the problem of local tolerance is less important. In young adults, 30 min infusions of 1 g erythromycin lactobionate are associated with a high incidence of systemic side-effects which may be due to an age-dependent effect of the drug on smooth muscle.
Infection
PMID:Side-effects due to the intravenous infusion of erythromycin lactobionate. 688 76

Cefroxadine dry syrup was studied clinically and the following results were obtained. The drug was administered to 19 cases of bacterial infections: acute tonsillitis (6), acute bronchitis (6), scarlet fever (2), acute pyelonephritis (4) and acute cystitis (1). The daily dose was about 30 approximately 50 mg/kg except for 1 patient. The drug was given orally, 3 times a day and the duration of administration was from 4 to 11 days. The overall efficacy rate was 100%, i.e., excellent in 17 cases, good in 2 cases. One patient experienced a mild S-GOT elevation and another patient in mild vomiting. From the results obtained in this study, cefroxadine dry syrup seems to be useful in the treatment of infectious diseases of children.
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PMID:[Clinical trials with cefroxadine dry syrup in the treatment of infectious disease of children (author's transl)]. 703 88

Infection with Strongyloides stercoralis, the most common intestinal parasite at our hospital, was encountered in 56 patients over a 3-yr period. The majority of the patients were male adults over 50 years old who had a chronic debilitating associated illness; about half the patients were immunocompromised. Strongyloidiasis was usually a chronic relapsing illness of mild to moderate severity characterized by gastrointestinal complaints (diarrhea, pain, tenderness, nausea, vomiting) and peripheral eosinophilia. Hypoalbuminemia also occurred. Stool examination for larvae was an effective method of diagnosing the parasite, and treatment with thiabendazole was usually successful. The frequent occurrence of S. stercoralis in geriatric patients with other medical problems and the delays in making the diagnosis suggest that the clinical spectrum of strongyloidiasis is greater than generally appreciated by the medical profession. Increased awareness of S. stercoralis is important to prevent the hyperinfection syndrome, which was estimated to occur in 1.5-2.5% of our patients.
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PMID:Clinical features of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in an endemic area of the United States. 722 72


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