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Query: UMLS:C0042963 (vomiting)
 31,883 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study assessed whether an oral rehydration solution (ORS) in which glucose is replaced by L-glutamine (L-glutamine ORS) is more effective than the standard glucose-based rehydration solution recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO-ORS) in reducing the stool volume and time to rehydrate in acute diarrhoea. In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in a Mexican hospital, 147 dehydrated children, aged 1-60 month(s), were assigned either to the WHO-ORS (74 children), or to the L-glutamine ORS (73 children) and followed until successful rehydration. There were no significant differences between the groups in stool output during the first four hours, time to successful rehydration, volume of ORS required for rehydration, urinary output, and vomiting. This was independent of rotavirus-associated infection. An L-glutamine-containing glucose-free ORS seems not to offer greater clinical benefit than the standard WHO-ORS in mildly-to-moderately-dehydrated children with acute non-cholera diarrhoea.
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PMID:Does an L-glutamine-containing, glucose-free, oral rehydration solution reduce stool output and time to rehydrate in children with acute diarrhoea? A double-blind randomized clinical trial. 1833 58

A live oral cholera vaccine developed from a non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strain VA1.3 was tested in a double-blind randomized placebo controlled study for safety and immunogenicity in 304 men aged between 16 and 50 years from Kolkata, India. A dose of 5 x 10(9)CFU (n=186) or a placebo (n=116) containing the diluent buffer was administered. The vaccine did not elicit adverse events except in two vaccine recipients with mild diarrhoea and vomiting. None excreted the vaccine strain. Vibriocidal antibody response developed in 105/186 (57%) and 5/116 (4%) in vaccine and placebo recipients, respectively. In a subgroup, anti-CT antibody rose (> or =2-folds) in 23/30 (77%) and 6/19 (32%) in vaccine and placebo recipients, respectively. These studies demonstrate that VA1.3 at a dose of 5 x 10(9) is safe and immunogenic in adults from a cholera endemic region.
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PMID:Randomized placebo controlled human volunteer trial of a live oral cholera vaccine VA1.3 for safety and immune response. 1952 8

Vibrio cholerae O1, Ogawa and Inaba serotypes, both cause severe cholera. We compared clinical and immunological features in patients in Bangladesh infected with these 2 serotypes. Blood was collected from hospitalized Ogawa (N=146) or Inaba (N=191) patients at the acute stage (day 2) and 5 and 19 days later. Ogawa patients were younger than Inaba, presented with shorter duration of diarrhoea, and had more frequent abdominal pain, vomiting and need for intravenous fluids (p<0.05). Inaba patients more frequently had dark-field positive stools (p<0.01). Inaba strains were more susceptible to tetracycline and erythromycin than Ogawa strains (p<0.001). Ogawa infection produced higher plasma vibriocidal as well as IgG responses to cholera toxin B subunit, toxin-coregulated pilus subunit and lipopolysaccharide (LPS); higher IgA responses to LPS in 'antibody in lymphocyte supernatant' (ALS) specimens were also seen. These results suggest that a cholera vaccine based on the Ogawa serotype needs to be further investigated.
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PMID:Comparison of clinical features and immunological parameters of patients with dehydrating diarrhoea infected with Inaba or Ogawa serotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1. 1988 59

Vibrio cholerae O1 and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are major bacterial pathogens that cause dehydrating disease requiring hospitalization of children and adults. The cholera toxin (CT) produced by V. cholerae O1 and the heat-labile toxin (LT) and/or heat-stable toxin (ST) of ETEC are responsible for secretory diarrhea. We have observed that about 13% of hospitalized diarrheal patients are concomitantly infected with V. cholerae O1 and ETEC. In order to understand the outcome of such dual infections on the clinical and immunological responses in cholera patients, we studied patients infected with V. cholerae O1 (group VC; n = 25), those infected with both V. cholerae O1 and ETEC (group VCET; n = 25), and those infected with ETEC only (group ET; n = 25). The VCET group showed more severe dehydration and had a higher intake of intravenous fluid and more vomiting than the ETEC group (P = 0.01 to 0.003). The VCET patients showed higher vibriocidal responses and increased antibody titers to cholera toxin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in plasma than did the V. cholerae O1 patients (P = 0.02 to <0.001). All responses in the V. cholerae O1 and in the VCET groups were more robust than those seen in the group infected with ETEC only (P = 0.01 to <0.001). We thus show that concomitant colonization with ETEC induces immune responses to V. cholerae antigens that are more robust than those seen with V. cholerae O1 infection alone. It is possible that LT or other factors expressed by ETEC may play a role as a mucosal adjuvant in enhancing the immune responses to V. cholerae O1.
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PMID:Concomitant enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection induces increased immune responses to Vibrio cholerae O1 antigens in patients with cholera in Bangladesh. 2017 96

In the aftermath of a mass disaster, standard care methods for treatment of burn injury will often not be available for all victims. A method of fluid resuscitation for burns that has largely been forgotten by contemporary burn experts is enteral resuscitation. We identified 12 studies with over 700 patients treated with enteral resuscitation, defined as drinking or gastric infusion of salt solutions, from the literature. These studies suggest that enteral resuscitation can be an effective treatment for burn shock under conditions in which the standard IV therapy is unavailable or delayed, such as in mass disasters and combat casualties. Enteral resuscitation of burn shock was effective in patients with moderate (10-40% TBSA) and in some patients with more severe injuries. The data suggests that some hypovolemic burn and trauma patients can be treated exclusively with enteral resuscitation, and others might benefit from enteral resuscitation as an initial alternative and a supplement to IV therapy. A complication of enteral resuscitation was vomiting, which occurred less in children and much less when therapy was initiated within the first postburn hour. Enteral resuscitation is contra-indicated when the patient is in "peripheral circulatory collapse". The optimal enteral solution and regimen has not yet been defined, nor has its efficacy been tested against modern IV resuscitation. The oldest studies used glucose-free solutions of buffered isotonic and hypotonic saline. Studies that are more recent show benefit of adding glucose to electrolyte solutions similar to those used in the treatment of cholera. If IV therapy for mass casualty care is delayed due to logistical constraints, enteral resuscitation should be considered.
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PMID:Oral and enteral resuscitation of burn shock the historical record and implications for mass casualty care. 2082 1

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff. The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.
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PMID:Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985. 2095 7

The death of P. I. Tchaikovsky (1840 - 1893) excites imagination even today. According to the "official scenario", Tchaikovsky had suffered from abdominal colic before being infected with cholera. On 2 November 1893, he drank a glass of unboiled water. A few hours later, he had diarrhoea and started vomiting. The following day anuria occured. He lost consciousness and died on 6 November (or on 25 Oktober according to the Russian Julian calendar). Soon after composer's death, rumors of forced suicide began to circulate. Based on the opinion of the musicologist Alexandra Orlova, the main reason for the composer's tragic fate lies in his homosexual inclination. The author of this article, after examining various sources and arguments, concludes that P. I. Tchaikovsky died of cholera.
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PMID:The cause of P.I. Tchaikovsky's (1840-1893) death: cholera, suicide, or both? 2107 51

Mixed infections caused by enteric pathogens such as bacteria, virus, protozoa and helminthes were reported in different literatures. This report also describes the co-infections caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa EL Tor with Shigella dysenteriae in a patient. A 36-year-old man was admitted in Fatemeh Zahra Hospital of Bushehr Iran with fever, vomiting and dysentery. His stool sample was cultured, for identification purposes TCBS, XLD and other media were used. V. cholerae and S. dysenteriae were identified. Both species were resistant to ampicillin and sensitive to nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol. Shigella was resistant to tetracycline. The results of the study showed that places where diarrheal diseases especially cholera are endemic, it is better to examine for those patients with dysentery for the presence of the V. cholerae O1. That will prevent the spread of pathogenic organism in the community.
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PMID:Mixed infections of Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa EL Tor with Shigella dysenteriae. 2131 86

The relationship between common medicinal plants and major health problems in Africa, specifically Mozambique, is presented here. Emphasis is given to plant species largely used to solve or slow down diarrhoea, malaria, respiratory, and sexual complaints. These diseases, together with malnutrition/ anaemia, mental diseases, and rheumatism/arthritis are the main concern of healthcare countrywide. Diarrhoea is divided into common diarrhoea, bloody-diarrhoea, and cholera; plant species are normally used to slow down diarrhoea recurrence. Tannin is the main chemical compound with both anti-diarrhoeal and antiseptic properties. Traditional medicine seems to be rather helpful in alleviating malaria symptoms such as fever, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Special reference is made to Momordica balsamina, which is highly used to cure vomiting apparently associated with bilis and fever. Rauvolfia caffra contains reserpine, a compound used as anti-hypertension agent. This species is also used as an anti-malarial agent. Traditional medicine seems to have a role in slowing opportunistic infections related to the AIDS virus such as diarrhoea, pneumonia, and skin infections. Prostate hypertrophy is traditionally medicated using mostly Prunus africana and Hypoxis hemerocallidea, species known to contain phytosterol. Research for bioactive compounds in African plants is still in its infancy.
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PMID:African ethnobotany and healthcare: emphasis on mozambique. 2155 73

The Florida Department of Health, Florida, United States, is investigating a Vibrio cholerae O75 outbreak. Ten cases with disease onsets from 23 March to 13 April 2011, presented with gastrointestinal symptoms of diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, chills, and/or fever, after consuming raw or lightly cooked oysters harvested from Apalachicola Bay, Florida. Symptoms were milder than those during outbreaks of epidemic (serogroup O1 and O139) Vibrio cholerae; no case required rehydration treatment or hospitalisation.
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PMID:Toxin producing Vibrio cholerae O75 outbreak, United States, March to April 2011. 2161 48


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